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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



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LAYMAN'S LOOK 



AT 



FOUR MIRACLES 



BY 

HENRY D. GREGORY, 

LATE VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE GIRARD COLLEGE FOR ORPHANS, 
PHILADELPHIA. 



PHILADELPHIA: 

PRINTED BY J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY. 
1894. 



A 



LAYMAN'S LOOK 



AT 



FOUR MIRACLES 



HENRY D. GREGORY, 

LATE VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE GIRARD COLLEGE FOR ORPHANS, 
PHILADELPHIA. 






I 



PHILADELPHIA: 

PRINTED BY J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY 
1894. 



K 






Copyright, 1894, 

BY 

Henry D. Gregory. 



A. M. D. G. 



AD MEMORIAM UXORIS SUAE 



MARY GREGORY 



FEMINAE ELECTISSIMAE 



HUNC LIBELLULUM 



DEDICAT 
AUCTOR 



A LAYMAN'S LOOK 



FOUR MIRACLES 



A TEACHER in studying the Bible, sometimes for his 
own satisfaction, sometimes that he might explain it to 
his pupils, has been led to look upon some passages in 
lights which, though not common, have appeared to him 
to be both sound and helpful. Especially has this been 
the case in regard to several of the miracles. He seems 
to have gained a better understanding of the particular 
miracles considered ; and at the same time, to receive 
more readily as true, those miracles which he does not 
understand. He submits these views in the hope that the 
points taken may, in the judgment of some readers, be 
esteemed sound, and may prove to them such a means 
of comfort as they have been to himself 

It may perhaps save repetition to premise a few words 
on miracles in general. And, first, a miracle may be de- 
fined as an occurrence which is wonderful in such a man- 
ner, that we cannot but regard it as of superhuman origin. 
It will be noticed that no reference is made to its relation to 
the Laws of Nature. The Laws of Nature may be looked 
upon as the totality of the ordinances to which God has 
subjected His Creation; and these must be regarded as 
perfect and unchangeable; but it is only in the infinite 

I* 5 



6 A Layman's Look at Four Miracles. 

knowledge of God, that the Laws of Nature are thus found. 
With our limited inteUigence, we receive them by degrees: 
at any given time, our knowledge of them is imperfect, and 
we may be ignorant of many laws, we may esteem as 
laws some things which are not at all such. 

Now, it is not to be overlooked, that if we use the 
phrase, the Laws of Nature in the definition of a miracle, 
of necessity the phrase carries with it the idea, *' as un- 
derstood by man." But these laws have at different times 
been understood very differently, and the changes of 
opinion in regard to them have been many and great. 
The opinions now held as to the shape of the earth ; the 
arrangement of the parts of the solar system, and their 
motions ; the law of gravitation ; the circulation of the 
blood; the character of the imponderables (viz., heat, 
light, and electricity), whether they are material sub- 
stances or vibrations ; the origin of many rocks, whether 
igneous or sedimentary ; in chemistry, the views of the 
alchemists, the phlogistic and antiphlogistic theories, 
and the new chemistry, are all due to comparatively 
modern times. On these and many other subjects, our 
predecessors sometimes were without a law ; oftener held 
laws quite different from those now prevailing. Their 
confidence in their views was probably as great as ours. 
Unless we are more fortunate than they, we must expect 
our views to be revised, modified, perhaps rejected, by 
the generations to come. To make the reality of a 
miracle dependent upon its relation to our understand- 
ing of the Laws of Nature, would be to obstruct all 
assurance that a communication came from Him that is 
above us, would be to shut out God from our senses and 
thought, and that, upon the authority of man^ — an inver- 



A Layman^ s Look at Four Miracles. 7 

sion of the order of supremacy and dependence out of 
all reason. 

Secondly, it may further be observed, that it is no 
disparagement of the miraculous character of an occur- 
rence, if natural causes intervene in its production. It 
may, for all that, be " wonderful in such a manner that 
we cannot but esteem it of superhuman origin." For 
an example : when (Ex. xvii. 6) Moses smote the rock 
in Horeb, who can be sure that any violation of the chain 
of natural causes and effects took place ? A crevice in 
the rock, conveying water, may have been opened by 
the blow that was struck. But who could assure him 
that water would follow the stroke ? Only God. That 
answer to faith and obedience was miraculous. 

Indeed in some instances, the use of second causes is 
distinctly stated. In Ex. xiv. 21 we read, "The Lord 
caused the sea to go back by a strong east wind all that 
night, and made the sea dry land, and the waters were 
divided." The passage of the Red Sea was natural 
enough ; but by no means removed by this from God's 
control, and the discernment of this control, exercised 
for their deliverance, constituted it a miracle. 

Is Moses to be assured that the voice which addresses 
him in the wilderness is indeed that of the Almighty ; 
is the boat's crew upon the Sea of Galilee, trembling and 
ready to perish, to know that the voice which rebukes 
the wind and the sea, speaks with the authority of the 
Creator; are the many thousands of Israel at Sinai to 
feel that they are in the presence of the great Maker of 
All, in whose hands their life and breath are; no whit 
of the demonstration shall be lacking: It is God who 
descends, who summons, who commands : every intelli- 



8 A Layman's Look at Four Miracles, 

gent being present is a witness, competent and confident. 
Nor, if God employs a creature that He has made, an 
agency that He has appointed, a law that He has estab- 
lished, does He thereby make it less real, that it is He 
who acts ; or make it less our bounden duty to obey 
Him. The children of Israel were stubbornly set to do 
evil, to worship the impure idols of the heathen. Day 
by day, for three years and six months, were a brazen 
sky, a land of drought, a starving people, fulfilling the 
word of the prophet of the Lord ; yet that fire from 
heaven which consumed the victims, the stones of the 
altar, and the abundant water of the trench, was no 
more the work of the Almighty than the long preceding 
drought. 

In the drought He revealed the means to human sight; 
in the blazing sacrifice He concealed them. Alike the 
deeds were His. 

Thirdly, though the proverb, *' Possession is nine 
points of the law," is oftenest quoted with the thought 
of unjust possession; yet it has much wider scope in 
the sphere of rightful ownership. It is in virtue of the 
truth underlying this proverb that we labor and save, 
invest and rest, not fearing to be deprived of the acquisi- 
tions of our sires, or of the fruits of our own industry. 

The same holds good in the realm of thought. The 
wide spread of an opinion in regard to matters of fact, 
occurrences of which one can be assured by his senses, 
give to the opinion the probability of a real foundation 
in the actual occurrence of the facts. The reception of 
such an opinion during many centuries by the descend- 
ants of those originally present, and a history punctuated 
with circumstances naturally resulting from the facts, 



A Layman's Look at Four Miracles, 9 

place the burden of proof upon all who would make ob- 
jection. 

The scriptural account of the miracles is in this posi- 
tion. We do right, therefore, in reading to assume their 
truth. They enter into our acquaintance as one reliably 
introduced, or as an hereditary friend. If we do not 
understand how they are, we do well to rest in faith upon 
the record; but if we find corroborative testimony in 
various directions, and especially when we find natural 
law cooperating in their production, all the more do we 
with reverence admire His infinite wisdom unto whom 
are ** known all His w^orks from the beginning of the 
world." The miracles to be noticed are the swallowing 
of Jonah, and his restoration ; the fall of the walls of 
Jericho ; the sun's delay at Joshua's command ; the uni- 
versal deluge. 

It may be well to look first at the account given of the 
swallowing of Jonah by the whale. For of all the 
miracles recorded, not one has been more the object of 
ridicule ; while the grounds for impugning the truth of 
the Scripture account are of the flimsiest character. 
What has been alleged against it ? 

I. It is said to have taken place in the eastern end of 
the Mediterranean Sea, and that there are no whales in 
that sea. If this were now true, it would prove nothing 
as to the occupants of that sea in Jonah's day, eight 
hundred years before Christ. It is natural to suppose 
that the great increase in navigation, and still more the 
acquisition of knowledge by which ships would cross the 
sea, instead of creeping along the shores, would increase 
" the fear and dread" of man among the inhabitants of 
the deep ; and so, as has been the case with more than 



lO A Layman's Look at Four Miracles. 

one class of animals, we should not be surprised at a 
difference between now and then. But the assertion is 
not true. Of the cachalot, or sperm whale, the Library 
of Universal Knowledge, or Chambers's Encyclopaedia, 
under the article Cacholot, says it is *' not of frequent oc- 
currence on the European shores, although it sometimes 
enters the Mediterranean, and is occasionally stranded on 
the coast of Britain." The Century Dictionary says, " Its 
chase is important in the warmer waters of all seas.'* 

2. But it is said a whale cannot swallow a mackerel, 
much less a man. If we speak of the Greenland or 
right whale, or any of the baleen whales, which instead 
of teeth are provided with strainers of fringed whalebone, 
it is true that the throats of these and their food are 
small. But we are not to hunt up a whale which can- 
not swallow a man, that we may substitute it for that 
which God sent to receive Jonah when cast into the sea. 
Of the sperm whale it is said in the Scripture Natural 
History, *' This species feeds on lump fishes, dog fishes, 
cuttle fishes, and occasionally swallows the shark, which 
the width of its gullet enables it to do entire.'' The 
Library of Universal Knowledge tells us '' the mouth 
is very large and wide; and the throat, unlike that of 
the Greenland whale, is very wide, sufficiently so to admit 
the body of a man." 

3. We may be told that Jonah, if swallowed, would 
only be smothered instead of being drowned. To be 
sure, if we conceive of him as engulfed in the animal's 
paunch, the gaseous products of that region might 
appear either deadly in character, or insufficient in 
quantity. Yet Beale, in his Natural History of the 
Sperm Whale, after stating that he has four stomachs. 



A Layman's Look at Four Miracles. 1 1 

adds, " I think it must be allowed that the first stomach 
must be a reservoir/' 

But is there any need of this ? Is there not better 
accommodation awaiting him in the air-passages of the 
animal ? For it is well known that the whales are mam- 
mals, warm-blooded animals. Instead of drawing in 
water, and separating from it a scanty supply of air by 
gills, it has lungs and breathes air, and so must at mod- 
erate intervals raise its head partly above water. The 
blowing, sometimes called spouting, is not of water, but 
the rejection of the air vitiated by its breathing, and 
visible like our breath upon a frosty morning, by the 
quantity of vapor that is condensed as it issues. Some 
spray may be seen when the whale has begun to blow 
while the orifice was not yet above the water. The 
sperm whale has but one. Air enough for Jonah to 
breathe would hardly be missed from the inbreathing of 
the gigantic cetacean. 

It only remains to consider what room he will find 
there; and this may be roughly inferred by considering 
the amount of air necessary for an animal of such size, 
and consequently the magnitude of the passage which 
conveys air to the lungs, the windpipe. In February, 
1 8 19, a cachalot was captured in Whitstable Bay, Eng- 
land, which was sixty-three feet long. Its heart was 
three feet across, and the aorta, or main artery, was a 
foot and three inches in diameter. What a supply of air 
must be used to vitalize such a stream of blood, what 
passages to convey it to the lungs, and to remove it ! To 
compare his consumption upon even terms with ours, 
taking man at five feet eight inches, and his aorta at 
three-quarters of an inch, a whale sixty feet long would 



12 A Layman's Look at Four Miracles. 

need a windpipe twenty-five inches in diameter ; but if 
the comparison be made with one of eighty feet in 
length, and such are found, we must expect a windpipe 
of thirty-nine inches. It is not then extravagant to look 
for a diameter of three feet in the windpipe, and there is 
room enough for the passenger. As to his comfort, the 
whale, with such a crumb started in the wrong way, 
would be far worse off than Jonah. And for that 
reason he would cough his tenant up as soon as possible, 
who, since the sea had ceased from its raging, would 
strike out for the shore. Can we imagine when the ship 
made the nearest port, some other passenger, to have 
landed, and found his way to Nineveh, and told the 
strange story up to the casting of Jonah overboard, 
and on Jonah's subsequent arriyal recognized him as the 
man ? 

We have then the wonderful occurrence that the 
Maker of all punished His disobedient servant without 
the violation of any of His laws; yet it was a most sur- 
prising miracle, and one which an acute mind may 
readily receive as probably contributing to the final 
reception of Jonah's message by the inhabitants of 
Nineveh. 

The fall of the wall of Jericho, recorded in the sixth 
chapter of Joshua, is the second miracle proposed for 
consideration. 

The walls of cities in those ancient days were formi- 
dable affairs. The scouts are mentioned as reporting 
the cities of Canaan as '^ great, and walled up to heaven." 
(Deut. i. 28.) The heathen dwellers in Jerusalem thought 
themselves in safety, though only '' the lame and the 



A Layman's Look at Four Miracles. 1 3 

blind'^ should be left to defend them. The Ten Thou- 
sand, Xenophon tells us, passed in their Retreat, at 
Larissa, a wall one hundred feet high and twenty-five 
feet in thickness ; and at Mespila, one that was higher 
by fifty feet. Jericho was probably the second city in 
the land of Canaan, and fortified accordingly; yet its 
bulwarks were in vain. 

No battering-ram was moved against them, no bank 
of earth was reared, nor engines of war constructed ; 
but it fell without a blow. Day after day did the host of 
Israel march around the doomed city, perhaps a laugh- 
ing-stock to those who, for defence or from curiosity, 
were upon the wall. Midv/ay of the column were the 
priests bearing the ark of the covenant, and blowing 
trumpets of rams' horns. Six days was this done, once 
each day; but upon the seventh, they started earlier, 
and " compassed the city seven times." At the signal 
which had been announced, " a long blast with the ram's 
horn," all raised a mighty shout ; and as the wall fell flat, 
every man marched directly before him into the city 
thus left without a wall, and almost without a defender, 
for the tumbling ruins would have killed the most of 
them. 

Without any light on the subject, well might one 
declare it ^' an immediate interposition of miraculous 
power." Bearing in mind that " immediate" means with- 
out any intervention of second causes between God's 
will and the accomplishment of the fact, let us study a 
little the situation of the place, and the method which 
the army, all unknowing, under the direction of God, 
All- Wise, pursued. 

It is well known, that in crossing a bridge, an army 



14 A Layman's Look at Four Miracles. 

must drop the marching step : otherwise it may break 
down the bridge. The sources of danger are, first, the 
mere weight of so many men ; secondly, the addition of 
the shock of the step, which, though trifling for one man, 
comes to a very important amount when it is the step of 
thousands ; but last, we have to reckon with a danger 
that is much greater, because it is increased at every 
step. According to its length, its structure (including 
the strength and elasticity of the materials), and the 
tension, or strain, upon it, there is a certain interval of 
time in which the bridge passes through three motions : 
it yields to the downward impulse ; it recoils, going now 
above its original position ; and goes downward again, 
though not so far as at the first descent. 

If now, there follow other steps, at uniform intervals 
of time, regulated it may be by music ; then, in case the 
bridge vibrates, and the steps succeed each other in 
equal time with the vibrations, at each downward motion 
a new shock, equal to the first, adds its effect to the motion 
which has already accrued. Thus, the swing (amplitude 
they call it) grows constantly greater and more powerful, 
and the fall of the bridge draws nearer. Some may find 
it easier to trace the increasing force of vibrations in the 
case of a long board swinging between two men who have 
happened to get their step in just the time of the board's 
vibration ; or in the " working up" of a common swing. 

Jericho was situated in a fertile plain, the same that 
attracted Lot's cupidity (Gen. xiii. ii), doubtless under 
ordinary circumstances stable enough^ But we know 
that the earth can receive vibrations, when jarred ; so, too, 
can the air or a wall. In short, it is much easier to ex- 
tend than to limit the list of things that vibrate. Under 



A Layman's Look at Four Miracles, 1 5 

the command of God, the plain of Jericho was subjected 
to the rhythmical tramp of six hundred thousand fight- 
ing men. It could not but vibrate, and that with in- 
crease of response, as daily it was solicited by the same 
steadfast persuasion. We look with interest at the effect 
of a great steam-hammer; but that is a trifle to the force 
that is shaking the plain of Jericho, and the waves of 
which draw daily nearer to the wall. That wall itself 
will vibrate ; and with a tension increased by the people 
upon it : but who, save the infinitely wise Jehovah, 
knows its coincidence with the rhythm of the march, 
and of the shout which followed that long, loud blast 
which bade the army close ? 

The result teaches even the most untutored. The 
Laws of Nature suffered no violence : they fulfilled the 
will of their Author, the God of Nature. Yet was it a 
most astounding miracle which thus began the conquest 
of Palestine. 

In taking up the halting of the sun and moon at the 
command of Joshua, the next miracle that comes to be 
considered, we seem to meet with a plain breach of nat- 
ural law; for what could be more contradictory to the 
course of nature, than for the sun to cease his daily 
course, or, what is the same thing, for the earth to stop 
in its daily rotation ? For it has been assumed that the 
Bible says that the sun stood still for a whole day. It 
may be well, first of all, to see exactly what words are 
used to tell how long the halting continued. It is all in 
Joshua, tenth chapter, and thirteenth verse, where the 
first expression is *' until the people had avenged them- 
selves upon their enemies.'' As this gives us no definite 



1 6 A Layman^ s Look at Four Miracles. 

length of time, we pass on to the second expression 
^' and hasted not to go down about a whole day." Now 
this looks at first as if '^ about a whole day" denoted how 
long the space of time was, during which the sun hasted 
not to go down. Certainly, if it had read " during a whole 
day," or " for about a whole day," then those phrases 
would have shown how long; but we have neither of these. 
The word " about" will not of itself determine whether 
time how long is meant, or time when. *^The men 
worked about a day:" undoubtedly here we have dura- 
tion, but it is not the " about" that makes it so. " They 
departed about sunset:" as surely, here we have time 
when ; but neither does the " about" make that. It only 
tells us that "a day" is not to be taken as a minutely 
accurate account of the duration in the one case, nor 
*' sunset" in the other as precisely the moment when they 
left for home. 

This being the case, what certainty we can attain in 
regard to the prolongation of the day intended by the 
writer, must be drawn from the probable time of aveng- 
ing themselves upon their enemies. 

*' Our men having the chase and execution of them 
near eight miles." So wrote Oliver Cromwell of what 
his army did after the enemy was routed in the battle of 
Dunbar. Joshua had accompHshed a forced march, and 
after a rest, possibly a very short one, had fought the 
great battle of Gibeon. How many hours will he urge 
his wearied men to the execution of vengeance upon the 
foe ? Include the circumstance that the hail-storm slew 
more than the Israelites. Would not three hours be a 
fair presumption, and five hours a very large one ? So 
long let us reckon the sun's delay, apparent delay. It is 



A Layman's Look at Four Miracles, 17 

then entirely possible, as the account stands in the Eng- 
lish, to suppose the period during which the sun stood 
to be much less than twenty-four hours. Before making 
inquiry what prolongation of the day may be compatible 
with the facts taught by astronomy, let us compare the 
testimony of the Hebrew original with that of the Eng- 
lish version. Corresponding to our word " about,*' we there 
find the inseparable preposition 3. This, which never 
stands alone, is here in combination with jj"-)^ day, and 
followed by D^p]^, whole or complete. This inseparable, 
besides the meaning of such'* and " so/' is also used, as 
Gesenius informs us, indefinitely, as equivalent to " in 
some way, about, with numbers of measures of space 
and time, and to indicate a point of time not exactly de- 
fined." This last is just the use of the English word 
*' about," and is found in Exodus xi. 4, about midnight ; 
Exodus ix. 18, to-morrow about this time; Daniel ix. 
21, about the time of the evening oblation. " In all these 
examples 3 may be translated adverbially, as is here 
done, and the substantive is then in the accusative of the 
time when." But it could also obviously have been 
translated ** at," for Gesenius goes on to speak of 3 as a 
preposition, and under the third head remarks, *' From 
the adverbial use comes the use of this particle as a 
preposition of time or space, like German um-= English 
about y at ; as, Um drei U/ir, which means not only about 
three o'clock, but at three o'clock." The examples of 
this are numerous. Nordheimer's Hebrew Grammar is 
to the same effect. 

So that we are fully justified in translating " So the sun 
stood still in the midst of heaven, and hasted not to go 
down at a complete day." That is, when an hour-glass, 

2* 



1 8 A Layman^ s Look at Four Miracles, 

or a chronometer, if they had had such a thing, indicated 
the time of sunset, the sun appeared to be distinctly be- 
hind time. 

In the Septuagint, it reads ot> TzpoeTtopebefo eig doa^iaq elq 

riXoq Yjiiipaq [itaq^ where elq corresponds to the Hebrew 3. 
Although, doubtless as a result of the greater copious- 
ness of the Greek language, the use of dq in the mean- 
ing of " at" is far less common than in the corresponding 
Hebrew preposition, it nevertheless does occur. Wit- 
ness Acts xiii. 42, d<; to fiera^h dd^^arov^ on the next Sab- 
bath ; Phil. ii. 16, dq fnxipav Xpiarov^ at the day of Christ; 
Aristoph, ^^ ianipav^ at evening. 

We have then full right to say, after a careful exami- 
nation of the record, and of the accordant opinions of 
grammarians as to the use of the particles in Greek and 
Hebrew, that we are under no necessity of considering 
the clause *' about a whole day'* as referring to the dura- 
tion of the day, but that it may just as properly denote 
the time when the event took place, the point of time 
when, the day being complete, the sun, that should as 
usual sink below the horizon, instead of so doing, ^* stood 
still and hasted not to go down.'* 

Obviously, this being the case, we should follow the 
course by which in our daily reading, and our daily 
speech, we determine similar cases. The context, the 
attendant circumstances will require one or the other of 
these meanings as alone consistent with them. 

What then are those circumstances ? 

After the passage of the Jordan, the. children of Israel 
encamped at Gilgal, and remained there during the siege 
of Jericho, the repulse at Ai, the capture of that place, 
and subsequently. While many tribes of the land were 



A Layman's Look at Four Miracles, 19 

gathering to confront them, the people of Gideon, an im- 
portant city, seeing no hope of safety in force, used craft 
with success. The Israelites made a league with them, 
and when the fraud came to light, they reduced the 
Gibeonites to servitude, but spared their lives, and re- 
garded it a duty to extend to them protection in case of 
need. 

Adoni-Bezek, king of Jerusalem, had at the time of 
our narrative united four other chiefs with himself, and 
was laying siege to Gibeon to punish the inhabitants for 
their defection. Too weak to defend themselves, they 
sent messengers to Joshua to ask of him speedy relief. 
Starting probably by night, and travelling with a dili- 
gence stimulated by the danger of their homes, they 
would reach Gilgal fairly early in the morning. Joshua 
hastens to defend the subjects of Israel ; but mobile as 
his forces were, he could not set out under several hours. 
For consider, that he had to learn what the messengers 
could tell him of the forces and position of the enemy, 
and of the roads, to form an approximate plan of the 
campaign, to appoint what force he would leave to mask 
Jerusalem, to issue his orders to the heads of tribes, 
and have the men -take what rest was possible, in antici- 
pation of the long march of twenty-six miles to be made, 
much of it by night. In all likelihood he in this time 
carried the matter to God, and received the assurance of 
success mentioned in verse eighth. 

If we may assume that the force was in motion by five 
in the afternoon, and that their net progress was two and 
a half miles per hour, they would be drawing near to 
Gibeon by three in the morning. One has said that a 
way should always be left for the enemy to retreat, but it 



20 A Layman's Look at Four Miracles, 

IS only sometimes best. In Joshua*s case his opponents 
had all come up from the south and southeast, the hill 
country. As it was highly important to keep them, if 
beaten, from re-entering their walled towns, he would 
send a strong detachment by and beyond the south side 
of Gibeon. It seems not unlikely that after short con- 
ference with such authorities from the city as could come 
out to meet them, an attack soon after daybreak com- 
pletely surprised the Ganaanites. 

One might do a great deal of guessing about the 
battle, and be little the wiser. Like most engagements, 
it would furnish two periods. In the former, a stubborn 
resistance made the issue still, humanly speaking, doubt- 
ful. The fight appears to have been long maintained, so 
that the heathen suffered " great slaughter" at Gibeon. 
After being overcome and broken in the retreat north- 
ward, the narrow and precipitous nature of part of the 
road to the Upper Beth-Horon, giving even small groups 
opportunities to resist, contributed to delay the advance 
of the victors. The distance is about ten miles, so that 
it may have been well on in the day when, the crest 
being reached, the routed foe was seen in full flight down 
the slope. 

Probably somewhere here it was that Joshua (was not 
the impulse from God ?) called upon the sun and moon 
in the words so often quoted. As he saw the decline of 
day threatening to deprive the Israelites of much of that 
harvest of death which was looked to as the first fruits 
of victory, he spoke, and the Lord answered in the deed. 
'' Whatsoever the Lord pleased that did he in heaven and 
in earth, in the seas and all deep places," Psalm cxxxv. 
6. Was it necessary that He should break His laws in 



A Layman^ s Look at Four Miracles. 2 1 

order to obtain His pleasure ? Let us see. The sun ap- 
peared to remain, or to go but slowly down the west. 
When the day was complete, according to all other ordi- 
nary tokens of the passage of time, this one was lacking, 
for the sun " hasted not to go down." Could this be ? 
How could it be ? How long could it be ? 

*' The heavens declare the glory of God ; and the 
firmament showeth his handywork'' is not only true of 
the daily and nightly panorama above us ; and of the 
rarer but equally regular recurrence of eclipses, transits, 
occupations ; but also of those which, while rare, have 
their times of appearance beyond our powers of calcu- 
lation. Among them are halos, and parhelia and para- 
selenae (mock suns and mock moons), very striking 
phenomena. 

In the halo, circles of light, sometimes of the pris- 
matic colors, sometimes white, surround the sun. The 
commonest is the single circle about the sun as centre at 
a distance of twenty-two degrees. Concentric with this 
is seen, but not so frequently, a circle with a radius of 
forty-five degrees. With these are other circles, tangent 
to them, or cutting them, and at the points where either 
of these takes place, the light is stronger, thus forming par- 
helia (mock-suns), as also at points on the circumference 
vertically above or below the sun. Before sunrise and 
after sunset, the intervention of the horizon does not in- 
terfere with the part of the display above the sun. Though 
one at Hartford, Connecticut, in 1844, lasted from 10 a.m. 
to 2 P.M., they yet seem to be more frequent near the be- 
ginning and end of the day ; as also in the Arctic regions. 
Scheiner in 1630 reports one as lasting five hours. 

It has been found with a good degree of certainty that 



22 A LaymarCs Look at Four Miracles, 

the source of these phenomena is in the refraction of 
light by crystals of ice floating in the air. It is appar- 
ent, that when the ice crystals were but few, there would 
be but a faint halo, or parhelion, as the case might be. 
Between such a state, and one where the density of the 
cloud would not allow the passage of the light refracted, 
lies a point where the most light is refracted and able to 
pass through. This parhelion is recorded as *^ sometimes 
dazzlingly brighf (Cent. Diet.), and it is said, " being of 
itself a source of light, sometimes very intense^ may have 
its surrounding halos, — called secondary** (Lib. Univ. 
KnowL, vol. vii., p. 255). Plainly such light could replace 
the sun, being indeed sunlight at second hand. 

If, then, we conceive such a parhelion to have formed 
some time before sunset, the sun itself being concealed 
by a cloud from this time till what would have been its 
setting, it might last long after sunset, and, even give 
some semblance of twilight for a time after its direct 
light was cut off. For the parhelion, the representative 
sun, would be 47° behind the original source of its light, 
and be over three hours later in setting. Less than that 
would justify the language of the record; but that, or a 
little more, is the sequence possible under the operation 
of natural law. 

Some one may say, but there must have been a strange 
state of the atmosphere to bring this about. Very true, 
very true, and we have the hail-storm of that day as a 
guarantee that it was so. Such hail-storms are so rare, that 
earthquakes are comparatively frequent, but they do occur 
nevertheless. Here we see no natural law broken, though 
none but God could have known what Joshua would 
ask, nor any but God have arranged to fulfil his request. 



A Layman's Look at Four Miracles, 23 

And therefore it was a miracle, and also, 
natural law does not contravene, but confirms, 
the record of the Bible. 

In proceeding to consider the subject of the Deluge 
we may well be moved with great self-distrust and hesi- 
tation, as we look at the astounding character of the 
event. What at first appears to be the plain meaning of 
the record is, that no portion of the globe remained un- 
covered by water ; and that not only all mankind, but 
all land animals, with the exception of the occupants of 
Noah's ark, were destroyed. The frequent occurrence 
of sea-shells and other marine fossils at great elevations, 
combined with a world-wide tradition to give ready ac- 
ceptance to this understanding of the Bible statement. 

Let us begin by ourselves giving to this view the benefit 
of possession. With the cashier in dealing with bank- 
bills, let us " make much of our first impressions," and 
see if there is nothing to be found in nature to give 
countenance to it. Time enough to seek other versions, 
when this proves untenable. 

Let us ask. How could such a flood be produced ? 
The question is not whether God is able to do it; but 
whether, as He sometimes uses means in working mira- 
cles, we can discern in His creation any means capable 
of effecting such a result. 

Reflection gives us great reason against bringing 
waters of which we have no knowledge from a subma- 
rine chasm equally unknown, and still more against the 
view of that sage who imagined the atmosphere turned 
into water. When the Almighty '* divided the waters 
which were under the firmament from the waters which 



24 A Layman's Look at Four Miracles, 

were above the firmament,'^ He gathered the former 
'^ together unto one place/* and " called it Seas/' This 
being much greater in amount, as well as the source 
whence the moisture of the air is renewed, is the water 
that we have to do with. These oceans partake of the 
earth's rotation, about a thousand miles per hour at the 
equator, diminishing to nothing at the poles ; and in 
consequence of this rotation, the earth is protuberant at 
the equator, the surface being there thirteen miles farther 
from the centre than it is at the poles. Should the rota- 
tion slacken or cease entirely, two results would follow : 
the water would for a time retain its previous motion, 
and come with force upon the land east of it, and the 
bulge at the equator would cease, the water passing 
north and south, until it should be of equal height from 
pole to pole, measuring from the centre. 

There is no record, nor any physical indication of such 
a stoppage, though to conceive it may be of use in helping 
us to grasp the more complicated movements of which 
we may be able to adduce some evidence. Let us think 
of the axis of the earth as having been different before 
the flood, so that the obliquity of the ecliptic should be 
say ten degrees instead of 23° 28^ Then a change to the 
present axis would change the size and position of the 
tropics and polar circles, the .seasons both in duration 
and intensity, and the length of day and night. In re- 
gard to the shape, it would, after a period of transition, 
be found of the same spheroidal shape as before; only 
the poles will be at points thirteen degrees and twenty- 
eight minutes distant from the antediluvian poles, and 
the equator will intersect the old equator at two points, 
crossing it obliquely, and reaching midway of the inter- 



A Layman's Look at Four Miracles, 25 

sections the distance of 13^ 28^ In that period of tran- 
sition, the catastrophe of which we are speaking took 
place, and it may be more easily apprehended by intro- 
ducing here the other factor in the result, the cause of 
the changed position of the axis. 

Plato in his dialogue called "Timseus'' gives an ac- 
count of Atlantis, a very large island situated to the west 
of the Straits of Gibraltar. It bad been told to Solon 
while travelling in Egypt by a courteous priest of Neith, 
or Minerva, at Sais, a principal city of the Delta. Ac- 
cording to him, this island was as large as Asia Minor 
and Libya taken together, which might be as much as 
three hundred thousand square miles or more. It was 
governed by a monarch, was fertile ; its people, virtuous, 
and prosperous ; but later, changed for the worse, be- 
came arrogant and aggressive, and conquered largely 
both in Europe and Africa. After its career of con- 
quest was checked, the Gods for its impiety, with earth- 
quake and a deluge in one day and night, sank it entirely 
beneath the sea. 

Let us make ourselves spectators of this scene, and 
ask how will the submergence of this large island affect 
this earth and its motions ? Much of the region of the 
ocean named from this ill-fated island is over two thou- 
sand fathoms, or two miles and over, in depth.* Into the 
vast depression thus formed, waters from the surround- 
ing parts would rush. It may have been a day, it may 
have been very likely the forty days before it ceased its 
downward course. The waters from the south would 
enter the chasm with a violent rush towards the east, and 

■^ See the maps in the "Voyage of the Challenger." 
3 



26 A Layman's Look at Four Miracles. 

those from the north would tend to the west. The col- 
lision of vast streams of water at velocities rising to sev- 
eral miles in a minute would not, however, be the chief 
cause of the flood. A great amount of spray was blended 
with the rain, but nothing in that alone was equal to the 
production of the flood. But further, the quadrillions of 
tons of water that filled this gap were drawn, as the 
waters found their level, from the general ocean surface 
of the globe. Their weight being all added to the site 
of the late island, would throw the globe out of equi- 
poise, it would be, so to speak, lop-sided, and would 
rotate by jerks with a wabbling and screw-like motion. 
As it gradually accommodated itself by changing its 
axis to suit the new distribution of the mass, the motions 
due to the changing condition disappeared and those 
alone remained that pertained to regular revolution 
upon the new axis. In the motions that transferred the 
general distribution of water from the old place and 
course to the new (overcoming the inertia which would 
have continued the old pace and direction) appears to be 

ABUNDANT CAUSE FOR A UNIVERSAL DELUGE. 

It would be very rash, and headlong error to think of 
ascribing the entirety of fossils on high mountains to this 
event. We need have no doubt that many may have 
that origin ; we have plenty of reason why a number 
should be differently assigned. - There is a record which 
may well be thought to complete our links, and in men- 
tioning a fact of which the writers almost certainly knew 
not the significance, may be set down as furnishing the 
testimony of the starry heavens to the theory of the 
deluge here maintained. In a note on page 268 of 
Rawlinson's " Historical Evidences," is given from Fa- 



A Layman's Look at Four Miracles. 27 

ber's ''Horse Mosaicae" this Chinese tradition: ''The 
pillars of heaven were broken — the earth shook to its 
foundations — the heavens sunk lower toward the 
NORTH — the sun, the moon, and the stars changed their 
motions — the earth fell to pieces ; and the waters en- 
closed within its bosom burst forth with violence and 
overflowed it. Man having rebelled against heaven, 
the system of the universe was totally disordered. The 
sun was eclipsed, the planets altered their course, and 
the grand harmony of Nature was disturbed.'' As 
the heavens were not changed ; when they seemed 
lower, it was because the pole of the earth was higher 
than before. Neither of the gentlemen from whose 
learning and diligence this quotation comes, seems to 
have noticed the importance of the words which are 
here put into capitals. The phrase "the earth fell to 
pieces" may well also describe the breaking of strata 
and formation of faults as the land as well as the sea 
adjusted itself to the new curved surface. We may 
observe that the axis might have been changed, but the 
obliquity be the same as before, the last quotation and 
the next consideration favor or prove a change of ob- 
liquity as well. 

It may be worth while also for our friends who know 
much about the animal creation, and those who are 
familiar with the glacial period, to consider whether the 
difference of climates and seasons, arising from a differ- 
ent position of the axis (the one suggested or some 
other) may not help to explain the different range of 
various animals then and now, and also to throw light 
upon the former great extent of the polar ice. A status 
which sent the sun's rays to Philadelphia at such an 



28 A Layman's Look at Four Miracles, 

angle of incidence as now belongs to the northern end 
of Newfoundland, has surely left intelligible marks. 

Those who have be^n inclined to regard the flood as 
partial, may inquire where a depression can be found so 
surrounded as to prevent a place of refuge, and yet keep 
the waters from passing all barriers lower than the high- 
est, or where a partial deluge could be located that would 
require seven months to drain off? This seems to be 
good reason for thinking that an efficient deluge cannot 
but be universal. 

The want of room in the ark to accommodate the 
animals, depends, it is said, upon the number of species ; 
but what is more uncertain than that ? Hear the " Cen- 
tury Dictionary.'' ^* In the actual naming, characterizing, 
and classifying of species, naturalists differ widely, some 
reducing to one or two species, the same series of indi- 
viduals which others describe as a dozen or twenty.'* 
And Chambers says, '^ In organic nature, it has usu- 
ally been regarded as possessing a higher and more 
definite signification. But no term is more difficult to 
define. Many definitions have been proposed, but none 
wholly satisfactory, every attempt at definition involving 
— more or less — some disputed theory." 

We find then, in regard to the deluge, that its 
universality would be a natural consequence of 
a change in the position of the axis of the earth; 
that Plato testifies to the sinking of the island 
Atlantis, and that would produce a change of 
axis; and that the Chinese record testifies to the 
change in the place and motion of the heavenly 
bodies which would result from the change of 
the axis. And we think it may be said that 



A Layman's Look at Four Miracles. 29 

there is no such consensus of proof for any 
other view of the deluge as for this ; and this 
is also the tradition of almost the whole human 
race. 

We have looked at four miracles, and in carefully re- 
garding the presence of natural laws, the action of sec- 
ond causes, in the production of the divinely intended 
result, no idea is entertained that all miracles must be 
like them. In the course of time some may be added 
to the number of such ; while of many we may still have 
no account to give but the pleasure and the immediate 
power of God. Concerning all in which we hitherto 
discern nothing intermediate, we have good right to 
exercise patience and faith, as we observe through what 
long periods of time the fact of a miracle may be known, 
and the part that natural law had therein not even sus- 
pected. 

We have, too, the reliability of the records. When 
an ambassador from another nation approaches our 
government, he presents his credentials, the evidence of 
his rank and mission. Assured by these we receive him, 
and should by no means treat him at every turn as an 
object of suspicion. His word, his hand and seal, are 
proof of the correctness of his statements, and of the 
fidelity with which our sister nation will carry out what 
he undertakes in her name. 

So a few miracles, a single miracle soundly proven, is 
the endorsement given by the Author of Creation to an 
appearance, a command, or a messenger. No multitude 
of occurrences which are not miracles can invalidate one 
real miracle. To allow it is to cast untruth upon God. 



30 A Layman's Look at Four Miracles, 

Of miracles recorded as history, many were intended for 
effect on particular persons, or times long past. Dis- 
cernment of their character was given to those to whom 
they were sent. The falling of the Holy Ghost upon all 
the persons assembled in the house of Cornelius, the 
centurion, was evidence that satisfied the Jewish Chris- 
tians present, that these heathen should be taken as their 
brethren. The miracle of the great sheet seen by Peter 
at Joppa was personal, to direct him, contrary to all his 
prejudices, to become the guest of the Roman centurion. 
He was left in no doubt whence it came, and when all 
the steps by which he was led were by him related to 
the Christians at Jerusalem " they held their peace, and 
glorified God, saying. Then hath God also to the Gentiles 
granted repentance unto life.'* 

Miracles and answers to prayer are near of kin. If 
we may become certain that we receive answers to our 
prayers, as some assure us has been their experience, we 
shall suffer nothing for lack of miracles. May increasing 
multitudes find it so. 



Sec. 4968. No action shall be maintained in any case of forfeiture or 
penalty under the copyright laws, unless the same is commenced within 
two years after the cause of action has arisen. 

Sec. 4969. In all actions arising under the laws respecting copyrights 
the defendant may plead the general issue, and give the special matter in 
evidence. 

Sec. 4970. The circuit courts, and district courts having the jurisdic- 
tion of circuit courts, shall have power, upon bill in equity, filed by any 
party aggrieved, to grant injunctions to prevent the violation of any right 
secured by the laws respecting copyrights, according to the course and 
principles of courts of equity, on such terms as the court may deem reason- 
able. 

Sec. 4971. Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to prohibit the 
printing, publishing, importation, or sale of any book, map, chart, dra- 
matic or musical composition, print, cut, engraving, or photograph, writ- 
ten, composed, or made by any person not a citizen of the United States 
nor resident therein. 

Sec. — . [Approved June 18, 1874, to take effect August 1, 1874.] 
In the construction of this act the words "engraving," "cut," and 
"print," shall be applied only to pictorial illustrations or works con- 
nected with the fine arts, and no prints or labels designed to be used for 
any other articles of manufacture shall be entered under the copyright 
law, but may be registered in the Patent Office. And the Commissioner of 
Patents is hereby charged with the supervision and control of the entry 
or registry of such prints or labels, in conformity with the regulations 
provided by law as to copyright of prints, except that there shall be paid 
for recording the title of any print or label, not a trade-mark, six 
dollars, which shall cover the expense of furnishing a copy of the record, 
under the seal of the Commissioner of Patents, to the party entering the 
same. 



tion,) the right whereof he claims as author, (originator, or proprietor, 
as the case may be,) in conformity with the laws of the United States 
respecting copyrights. C. D., Librarian of Congress." And he shall 
give a copy of the title or description, under the seal of the Librarian of 
Congress, to the proprietor whenever he shall require it. 

Sec. 4958. The Librarian of Congress shall receive from the persons to 
whom the services designated are rendered, the following fees: 1. For 
recording the title or description of any copyright book or other article, 
fifty cents. 2. For every copy under seal of such record actually given 
to the person claiming the copyright, or his assigns, fifty cents. 3. For 
recording and certifying any instrument of writing for the assignment of 
a copyright, one dollar. 4. For every copy of an assignment, one dollar. 
All fees so received shall be paid into the treasury of the United States. 

Sec. 4959. The proprietor of every copyright book or other article shall 
deliver at the office of the Librarian of Congress, or deposit in the mail 
addressed to the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, District of Colum- 
bia, within ten days after its publication, two complete printed copies 
thereof, of the best edition issued, or description or photograph of such 
article as hereinbefore required, and a copy of every subsequent edition 
wherein any substantial changes shall be made. 

Sec. 4960. For every failure on the part of the proprietor of any copy- 
right to deliver, or deposit in the mail, either of the published copies, or 
description, or photograph, required by Sections 4956 and 4959, the pro- 
prietor of the copyright shall be liable to a penalty of twenty-five dollars, 
to be recovered by the Librarian of Congress, in the name of the United 
States, in an action in the nature of an action of debt, in any district court 
of the United States within the jurisdiction of which the delinquent may 
reside or be found. 

Sec. 4961. The postmaster to whom such copyright book, title, or other 
article is delivered, shall, if requested, give a receipt therefor ; and when 
so delivered he shall mail it to its destination. 

Sec. 4962. No person shall maintain an action for the infringement of 
his copyright unless he shall give notice thereof by inserting in the sev- 
eral copies of every edition published, on the title-page or the page imme- 
diately following, if it be a book; or if a map, chart, musical composition, 
print, cut, engraving, photograph, painting, drawing, chromo, statue, 
statuary, or model or design intended to be perfected and completed as a 
work of the fine arts, by inscribing upon some visible portion thereof, or 
of the substance on which the same shall be mounted, the following words, 

viz: "Entered according to act of Congress, in the year , by A. B., 

in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington;" or, at his 
option, the word ''Copyright," together with the year the copyright was 
entered, and the name of the party by whom it was taken out, thus: 



Sec. 4963. Every person who shall insert or impress such notice, or 
words of the same purport, in or upon any book, map, chart, musical 
composition, print, cut, engraving, or photograph, or other article, for 
which he has not obtained a copyright, shall be liable to a penalty of one 
hundred dollars, recoverable one-half for the person who shall sue for 
such penalty, and one-half to the use of the United States. 

Sec. 4964. Every person who, after the recording of the title of any 
book as provided by this chapter, shall, within the term limited, and with- 
out the consent of the proprietor of the copyright first obtained in writing, 
signed in presence of two or more witnesses, print, publish, or import, 
or, knowing the same to be so printed, published, or imported, shall sell 
or expose to sale any copy of such book, shall forfeit every copy thereof 
t® such proprietor, and shall also forfeit and pay such damages as may be 
recovered in a civil action by such proprietor in any court of competent 
jurisdiction. 

Sec. 4965. If any person, after the recording of the title of any map, 
chart, musical composition, print, cut, engraving, or photograph, or 
chromo, or of the description of any painting, drawing, statue, statuary, or 
model or design intended to be perfected and executed as a work of the fine 
arts as provided by this chapter, shall, within the term limited, and with- 
out the consent of the proprietor of the copyright first obtained in writing, 
signed in presence of two or more witnesses, engrave, etch, work, copy, 
print, publish, or import, either in whole or in part, or by varying the 
main design with intent to evade the law, or, knowing the same to be so 
printed, published, or imported, shall sell or expose to sale any copy of 
such map or other article, as aforesaid, he shall forfeit to the proprietor 
all the plates on which the same shall be copied, and every sheet thereof, 
either copied or printed, and shall further forfeit one dollar for every sheet 
of the same found in his possession, either printing, printed, copied, pub- 
lished, imported, or exposed for sale; and in case of a painting, statue, or 
statuary, he shall forfeit ten dollars for every copy of the same in his 
possession, or by him sold or exposed for sale; one-half thereof to the pro- 
prietor and the other half to the use of the United States. 

Sec. 4966. Any person publicly performing or representing any dramatic 
composition for which a copyright has been obtained, without the consent 
of the proprietor thereof, or his heirs or assigns, shall be liable for dam- 
ages therefor; such damages in all cases to be assessed at such sum, not 
less than one hundred dollars for the first, and fifty dollars for every sub- 
sequent performance, as to the court shall appear to be just. 

Sec. 4967. Every person who shall print or publish any manuscript 
whatever, without the consent of the author or proprietor first obtained, 
(if such author or proprietor is a citizen of the United States, or resi- 
dent therein, ) shall be liable to the author or proprietor for all damages 



Sec. 4968. No action shall be maintained in any case of forfeiture or 
penalty under the copyright laws, unless the same is commenced within 
two years after the cause of action has arisen. 

Sec. 4969. In all actions arising under the laws respecting copyrights 
the defendant rtfay plead the general issue, and give the special matter in 
evidence. 

Sec. 4970. The circuit courts, and district courts having the jurisdic- 
tion of circuit courts, shall have power, upon bill in equity, filed by any 
party aggrieved, to grant injunctions to prevent the violation of any right 
secured by the laws respecting copyrights, according to the course and 
principles of courts of equity, on such terms as the court may deem reason- 
able. 

Sec. 4971. Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to prohibit the 
printing, publishing, importation, or sale of any book, map, chart, dra- 
matic or musical composition, print, cut, engraving, or photograph, writ- 
ten, composed, or made by any person not a citizen of the United States 
nor resident therein. 

Sec. — . [Approved June 18, 1874, to take effect August 1, 1874.] 
In the construction of this act the words ''engraving," "cut," and 
^' print," shall be applied only to pictorial illustrations or works con- 
nected with the fine arts, and no prints or labels designed to be used for 
any other articles of manufacture shall be entered under the copyright 
law, but may be registered in the Patent Office. And the Commissioner of 
Patents is hereby charged with the supervision and control of the entry 
or registry of such prints or labels, in conformity with the regulations 
provided by law as to copyright of prints, except that there shall be paid 
for recording the title of any print or label, not a trade-mark, six 
dollars, which shall cover the expense of furnishing a copy of the record, 
under the seal of the Commissioner of Patents, to the party entering the 
same. 



THE LAW OF COPYEIGHT 

IN THE 

XJISriTED STA^TES. 



IN FORCE AU&UST 1, 1885. 



FROM THE REVISED STATUTES OF THE UNITED STATES, IN 

FORCE DECEMBER 1, 1873, AS AMENDED BY ACT 

APPROVED JUNE 18, 1874. 



Section 4948. All records and other things relating to copyrights and 
required by law to be preserved, shall be under the control of the Libra- 
rian of Congress, and kept and preserved in the Library of Congress ; and 
the Librarian of Congress shall have the immediate care and supervision 
thereof, and, under the supervision of the Joint Committee of Congress 
on the Library, shall perform all acts and duties required by law touch- 
ing copyrights. 

Sec. 4949. The seal provided for the office of the Librarian of Congress 
shall be the seal thereof, and by it all records and papers issued from the 
oflace, and to be used in evidence shall be authenticated. 

Sec. 4950. The Librarian of Congress shall give a bond, with sureties,, 
to the Treasurer of the United States, in the sum of five thousand dollars, 
with the condition that he will render to the proper officers of the Treas-- 
ury a true account of all moneys received by virtue of his office. 

Sec. 4951. The Librarian of Congress shall make an annual report t<)' 
Congress of the number and description of copyright publications for 
which entries have been made during the year. 

Sec. 4952. Any citizen of the United States, or resident therein, who shall 
be the author, inventor, designer, or proprietor of any book, map, chart, 
dramatic or musical composition, engraving, cut, print, or photograph 
or negative thereof, or of a painting, drawing, chromo, statue, statuary,/ 
and of models or designs intended to be perfected as works of the fine 
arts, aud the executors, administrators, or f^.^^\^n^ of ^r... ....T. ......... 



skall, upon complying with the provisions of this chapter, have the sole 
liberty of printing, reprinting, publishing, completing, copying, execut_ 
iiig, finishing, and vending the same; and, in the case of a dramatic com- 
position, of publicly performing or representing it, or causing it to be per- 
formed or represented by others. And authors may reserve the right to 
dramatize or translate their own works. 

Sec. 4953. Copyrights shall be granted for the term of twenty-eight 
years from the time of recording the title thereof, in the manner herein- 
after directed. 

Sec. 4954. The author, inventor, or designer, if he be still living and 
a citizen of the United States or resident therein, or his widow or child- 
ren if he be dead, shall have the same exclusive right continued for the 
further term of fourteen years, upon recording the title of the work or 
description of the article so secured a second time, and complying with 
all other regulations in regard to original copyrights, within six months 
before the expiration of the first term. And such person shall, within 
two months from the date of said renewal, cause a copy of the record 
thereof to be published in one or more newspapers, printed in the United 
States, for the space of four weeks. 

Sec. 4955. Copyrights shall be assignable in law by any instrument of 
writing, and such assignment shall be recorded in the ofiice of the Libra- 
rian of Congress within sixty days after its execution; in default of which 
it shall be void as against any subsequent purchaser or mortgagee for a 
valuable consideration, without notice. 

Sec. 4956. No person shall be entitled to a copyright unless he shall, 
before publication, deliver at the office of the Librarian of Congress, or 
deposit in the mail addressed to the Librarian of Congress, at Washing- 
ton, District of Columbia, a printed copy of the title of the book or other 
article, or a description of the painting, drawing, chromo, statue, stat- 
uary, or a model or design for a work of the fine arts, for which he desires 
a copyright; nor unless he shall also, within ten days from the publica- 
tion thereof, deliver at the office of the Librarian of Congress, or deposit 
in the mail addressed to the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, Dis- 
trict of Columbia, two copies of such copyright book or other article, or, 
in case of a painting, drawing, statue, statuary, model or design for a 
work of the fine arts, a photograph of the same. 

Sec. 4957. The Librarian of Congress shall record the name of such 
copyright book, or other article, forthwith in a book to be kept for that 
purpose, in the words following: " Library of Congress, to wit: Be it re- 
liiembered that on the day of A. B. , of hath depos- 

ited in this office the title of a book, (map, chart, or otherwise, as the 
cas^ may be, or description of the article,) the title or description of 
which is in the following words, to wit: (here insert the title or descrip- 



tion,) the right whereof he claims as author, (originator, or proprietor, 
as the case may be, ) in conformity with the laws of the United States 
respecting copyrights. C. D., Librarian of Congress." And he shall 
give a copy of the title or description, under the seal of the Librarian of 
Congress, to the proprietor whenever he shall require it. 

Sec. 4958. The Librarian of Congress shall receive from the persons to 
whom the services designated are rendered, the following fees: 1. For 
recording the title or description of any copyright book or other article, 
fifty cents. 2. For every copy under seal of such record actually givem 
to the person claiming the copyright, or his assigns, fifty cents. 3. For 
recording and certifying any instrument of writing for the assignment of 
a copyright, one dollar. 4. For every copy of an assignment, one dollar. 
All fees so received shall be paid into the treasury of the United States. 

Sec. 4959. The proprietor of every copyright book or other article shall 
deliver at the office of the Librarian of Congress, or deposit in the mail 
addressed to the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, District of Colum- 
bia, within ten days after its publication, two complete printed copies 
thereof, of the best edition issued, or description or photograph of such 
article as hereinbefore required, and a copy of every subsequent edition 
wherein any substantial changes shall be made. 

Sec. 4960. For every failure on the part of the proprietor of any copy- 
right to deliver, or deposit in the mail, either of the published copies, or 
description, or photograph, required by Sections 4956 and 4959, the pro- 
prietor of the copyright shall be liable to a penalty of twenty-five dollars, 
to be recovered by the Librarian of Congress, in the name of the United 
States, in an action in the nature of an action of debt, in any district court 
of the United States within the jurisdiction of which the delinquent may 
reside or be found. 

Sec. 4961. The postmaster to whom such copyright book, title, or other 
article is delivered, shall, if requested, give a receipt therefor ; and when 
so delivered he shall mail it to its destination. 

Sec. 4962. No person shall maintain an action for the infringement of 
his copyright ualess he shall give notice thereof by inserting in the sev- 
eral copies of every edition published, on the title-page or the page imme- 
diately following, if it be a book; or if a map, chart, musical composition, 
print, cut, engraving, photograph, painting, drawing, chromo, statue, 
statuary, or model or design intended to be perfected and completed as a 
work of the fine arts, by inscribing upon some visible portion thereof, or 
of the substance on which the same shall be mounted, the following words, 

viz: '' Entered according to act of Congress, in the year , by A. B., 

in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington;" or, at his 
option, the word ' * Copyright, ' ' together with the year the copyright was 
entered, and the name of the party by whom it was taken out, thus: 



Sec. 4963. Every person who shall insert or impress such notice, or 
words of the same purport, in or upon any book, map, chart, musical 
composition, print, cut, engraving, or photograph, or other article, for 
which he has not obtained a copyright, shall be liable to a penalty of one 
hundred dollars, recoverable one-half for the person who shall sue for 
such penalty, and one-half to the use of the United States. 

Sec. 4964. Every person who, after the recording of the title of any 
book as provided by this chapter, shall, within the term limited, and with- 
out the consent of the proprietor of the copyright first obtained in writing, 
signed in presence of two or more witnesses, print, publish, or import, 
or, knowing the same to be so printed, published, or imported, shall sell 
or expose to sale any copy of such book, shall forfeit every copy thereof 
t@ such proprietor, and shall also forfeit and pay such damages as may be 
recovered in a civil action by such proprietor in any court of competent 
jurisdiction. 

Sec. 4965. If any person, after the recording of the title of any map, 
chart, musical composition, print, cut, engraving, or photograph, or 
chromo, or of the description of any painting, drawing, statue, statuary, or 
model or design intended to be perfected and executed as a work of the fine 
arts as provided by this chapter, shall, within the term limited, and with- 
out the consent of the proprietor of the copyright first obtained in writing, 
signed in presence of two or more witnesses, engrave, etch, work, copy, 
j)rint, publish, or import, either in whole or in part, or by varying the 
main design with intent to evade the law, or, knowing the same to be so 
printed, published, or imported, shall sell or expose to sale any copy of 
such map or other article, as aforesaid, he shall forfeit to the proprietor 
aM the plates on which the same shall be copied, and every sheet thereof, 
either copied or printed, and shall further forfeit one dollar for every sheet 
of the same found in his possession, either printing, printed, copied, pub- 
lished, imported, or exposed for sale; and in case of a painting, statue, or 
statuary, he shall forfeit ten dollars for every copy of the same in his 
possession, or by him sold or exposed for sale; one-half thereof to the pro- 
prietor and the other half to the use of the United States. 

Sec. 4966. Any person publicly performing or representing any dramatic 
€omposition for which a copyright has been obtained, without the consent 
of the proprietor thereof, or his heirs or assigns, shall be liable for dam- 
ages therefor; such damages in all cases to be assessed at such sum, not 
less than one hundred dollars for the first, and fifty dollars for every sub- 
sequent performance, as to the court shall appear to be just. 

Sec. 4967. Every person who shall print or publish any manuscript 
whatever, without the consent of the author or proprietor first obtained, 
(if such author or proprietor is a citizen of the United States, or resi- 
dent therein, ) shall be liable to the author or proprietor for all damages 



THE LAW OF COPYEIGHT 

IN THE 



IN FORCE AUGUST 1, 1885. 



FROM THE REVISED STATUTES OF THE UNITED STATES, IN 

FORCE DECEMBER 1, 1873, AS AMENDED BY ACT 

APPROVED JUNE 18, 1874. 



Section 4948. All records and other things relating to copyrights and 
required by law to be preserved, shall be under the control of the Libra- 
rian of Congress, and kept and preserved in the Library of Congress; and 
the Librarian of Congress shall have the immediate care and supervision 
thereof, and, under the supervision of the Joint Committee of Congress 
on the Library, shall perform all acts and duties required by lav7 touch- 
ing copyrights. 

Sec. 4949. The seal provided for the office of the Librarian of Congress 
shall be the seal thereof, and by it all records and papers issued from the 
office, and to be used in evidence shall be authenticated. 

Sec. 4950. The Librarian of Congress shall give a bond, with sureties,, 
to the Treasurer of the United States, in the sum of five thousand dollars, 
with the condition that he will render to the proper officers of the Treas- 
ury a true account of all moneys received by virtue of his office. 

Sec. 4951. The Librarian of Congress shall make an annual report to 
Congress of the number and description of copyright publications lor 
which entries have been made during the year. 

Sec. 4952. Any citizen of the United States, or resident therein, who shall 
be the author, inventor, designer, or proprietor of any book, map, chart^ 
dramatic or musical composition, engraving, cut, print, or photograph 
or negative thereof, or of a painting, drawing, chromo, statue, statuary,, 
and of models or designs intended to be perfected as works of the line 
arts, and the executors, administrators,_o^_assigaS-Q£,ail^ijaAfiI^ayaQi^ 



sliall, upon complying with the provisions of this chapter, have the sole 
liberty of printing, reprinting, publishing, completing, copying, execut. 
ing, finishing, and vending the same; and, in the case of a dramatic com- 
position, of publicly performing or representing it, or causing it to be per- 
formed or represented by others. And authors may reserve the right to 
dramatize or translate their own works. 

Sec. 4953. Copyrights shall be granted for the term of twenty-eight 
years from the time of recording the title thereof, in the manner herein- 
after directed. 

Sec. 4954. The author, inventor, or designer, if he be still living and 
a citizen of the United States or resident therein, or his widow or child- 
ren if he be dead, shall have the same exclusive right continued for the 
further term of fourteen years, upon recording the title of the work or 
description of the article so secured a second time, and complying with 
all other regulations in regard to original copyrights, within six months 
before the expiration of the first term. And such person shall, within 
two months from the date of said renewal, cause a copy of the record 
thereof to be published in one or more newspapers, printed in the United 
States, for the space of four weeks. 

Sec. 4955. Copyrights shall be assignable in law by any instrument of 
writing, and such assignment shall be recorded in the office of the Libra- 
rian of Congress within sixty days after its execution; in default of which 
it shall be void as against any subsequent purchaser or mortgagee for a 
valuable consideration, without notice. 

Sec. 4956. No person shall be entitled to a copyright unless he shall, 
before publication, deliver at the office of the Librarian of Congress, or 
deposit in the mail addressed to the Librarian of Congress, at Washing- 
ton, District of Columbia, a printed copy of the title of the book or other 
article, or a description of the painting, drawing, chromo, statue, stat- 
uary, or a model or design for a work of the fine arts, for which he desires 
a copyright; nor unless he shall also, within ten days from the publica- 
tion thereof, deliver at the office of the Librarian of Congress, or deposit 
in the mail addressed to the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, Dis- 
trict of Columbia, two copies of such copyright book or other article, or, 
in case of a painting, drawing, statue, statuary, model or design for a 
work of the fine arts, a photograph of the same. 

Sec. 4957. The Librarian of Congress shall record the name of such 
coi)yright book, or other article, forthwith in a book to be kept for that 
imrpose, in the words following: " Library of Congress, to wit: Be it re- 
membered that on the day of A. B. , of hath depos- 
ited in this office the title of a book, (map, chart, or otherwise, as the 
case may be, or description of the article,) the title or description of 
which is in the following words, to wit: (here insert the title or descrip- 



THE LAW OF COPYEIGHT 

IN THE 



IN FORCE AUGUST 1, 1885. 



FROM THE REVISED STATUTES OF THE UNITED STATES, IN 

FORCE DECEMBER 1, 1873, AS AMENDED BY ACT 

APPROVED JUNE 18, 1874. 



Section 4948. All records and other things relating to copyrights and 
required by law to be preserved, shall be under the control of the Libra- 
rian of Congress, and kept and preserved in the Library of Congress; and 
the Librarian of Congress shall have the immediate care and supervision 
thereof, and, under the supervision of the Joint Committee of Congres,s 
on the Library, shall perform all acts and duties required by law touch- 
ing copyrights. 

Sec. 4949. The seal provided for the office of the Librarian of Congress 
shall be the seal thereof, and by it all records and papers issued from the 
office, and to be used in evidence shall be authenticated. 

Sec. 4950. The Librarian of Congress shall give a bond, with sureties,, 
to the Treasurer of the United States, in the sum of five thousand dollars,, 
with the condition that he will render to the proper officers of the Treas- 
ury a true account of all moneys received by virtue of his office. 

Sec. 4951. The Librarian of Congress shall make an annual report to 
Congress of the number and description of copyright publications for 
which entries have been made during the year. 

Sec. 4952. Any citizen of the United States, or resident therein, who shall 
be the author, inventor, designer, or proprietor of any book, map, chart^ 
dramatic or musical composition, engraving, cut, print, or photograph 
or negative thereof, or of a painting, drawing, chromo, statue, statuary, 
and of models or designs intended to be perfected as works of the fine 
arts, and the executors, administrators, or assigns of any such nersmi^_ 



shall, upon complying with the provisions of this chapter, have the sole 
liberty of printing, reprinting, publishing, completing, copying, execute 
ing, finishing, and vending the same; and, in the case of a dramatic com- 
position, of publicly performing or representing it, or causing it to be per- 
formed or represented by others. And authors may reserve the right to 
dramatize or translate their own works. 

Sec. 4953. Copyrights shall be granted for the term of twenty-eight 
years from the time of recording the title thereof, in the manner herein- 
after directed. 

Sec. 4954. The author, inventor, or designer, if he be still living and 
a citizen of the United States or resident therein, or his widow or child- 
ren if he be dead, shall have the same exclusive right continued for the 
further term of fourteen years, upon recording the title of the work or 
description of the article so secured a second time, and complying with 
all other regulations in regard to original copyrights, within six months 
before the expiration of the first term. And such person shall, within 
two months from the date of said renewal, cause a copy of the record 
thereof to be published in one or more newspapers, printed in the United 
States, for the space of four weeks. 

Sec. 4955. Copyrights shall be assignable in law by any instrument of 
writing, and such assignment shall be recorded in the office of the Libra- 
rian of Congress within sixty days after its execution ; in default of which 
it shall be void as against any subsequent purchaser or mortgagee for a 
valuable consideration, without notice. 

Sec. 4956.^ No person shall be entitled to a copyright unless he shall, 
before publication, deliver at the office of the Librarian of Congress, or 
deposit in the mail addressed to the Librarian of Congress, at Washing- 
ton, District of Columbia, a printed copy of the title of the book or other 
article, or a description of the painting, drawing, chromo, statue, stat- 
uary, or a model or design for a work of the fine arts, for which he desires 
a copyright; nor unless he shall also, within ten days from the publica- 
tion thereof, deliver at the office of the Librarian of Congress, or deposit 
in the mail addressed to the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, Dis- 
trict of Columbia, two copies of such copyright book or other article, or, 
in case of a painting, drawing, statue, statuary, model or design for a 
work of the fine arts, a photograph of the same. 

Sec. 4957. The Librarian of Congress shall record the name of such 
copyright book, or other article, forthwith in a book to be kept for that 
purpose, in the words following: "Library of Congress, to wit: Be it re- 
membered that on the day of A. B. , of hath depos- 
ited in this ofiice the title of a book, (map, chart, or otherwise, as the 
case may be, or description of the article,) the title or description of 
which is in the following words, to wit: (here insert the title or descrip- 



tion,) the right whereof he claims as author, (originator, or proprietor, 
as the case may be,) in conformity with the laws of the United States 
respecting copyrights. C. D., Librarian of Congress." And he shall 
give a copy of the title or description, under the seal of the Librarian of 
Congress, to the proprietor whenever he shall require it. 

Sec. 4958. The Librarian of Congress shall receive from the persons to 
whom the services designated are rendered, the following fees: 1. For 
recording the title or description of any copyright book or other article, 
fifty cents. 2. For every copy under seal of such record actually giveui 
to the person claiming the copyright, or his assigns, fifty cents. 3. For 
recording and certifying any instrument of writing for the assignment of 
a copyright, one dollar. 4. For every copy of an assignment, one dollar. 
All fees so received shall be paid into the treasury of the United States. 

Sec. 4959. The proprietor of every copyright book or other article shall 
deliver at the office of the Librarian of Congress, or deposit in the mail 
addressed to the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, District of Colum- 
bia, within ten days after its publication, two complete printed copies 
thereof, of the best edition issued, or description or photograph of such 
article as hereinbefore required, and a copy of every subsequent edition 
wherein any substantial changes shall be made. 

Sec. 4960. For every failure on the part of the proprietor of any copy- 
right to deliver, or deposit in the mail, either of the published copies, or 
description, or photograph, required by Sections 4956 and 4959, the pro- 
prietor of the copyright shall be liable to a penalty of twenty-five dollars, 
to be recovered by the Librarian of Congress, in the name of the United 
States, in an action in the nature of an action of debt, in any district court 
of the United States within the jurisdiction of which the delinquent may 
reside or be found. 

Sec. 4961. The postmaster to whom such copyright book, title, or other 
article is delivered, shall, if requested, give a receipt therefor ; and when 
so delivered he shall mail it to its destination. 

Sec. 4962. No person shall maintain an action for the infringement of 
his copyright ualess he shall give notice thereof by inserting in the sev- 
eral copies of every edition published, on the title-page or the page imme- 
diately following, if it be a book; or if a map, chart, musical composition, 
print, cut, engraving, photograph, painting, drawing, chromo, statue, 
statuary, or model or design intended to be perfected and completed as a 
work of the fine arts, by inscribing upon some visible portion thereof, or 
of the substance on which the same shall be mounted, the following words, 

viz: ''Entered according to act of Congress, in the year , by A. B., 

in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington; " or, at his 
option, the word "Copyright," together with the year the copyright was 
entered, and the name of the party by whom it was taken out, thus: 



Sec. 4963. Every person who shall insert or impress such notice, or 
words of the same purport, in or upon any book, map, chart, musical 
composition, print, cut, engraving, or photograph, or other article, for 
which he has not obtained a copyright, shall be liable to a penalty of one 
hundred dollars, recoverable one-half for the person who shall sue for 
such penalty, and one-half to the use of the United States. 

Sec. 4964. Every person who, after the recording of the title of any 
book as provided by this chapter, shall, within the term limited, and with- 
out the consent of the proprietor of the copyright first obtained in writing, 
signed in presence of two or more witnesses, print, publish, or import, 
or, knowing the same to be so printed, published, or imported, shall sell 
or expose to sale any copy of such book, shall forfeit every copy thereof 
t@ such proprietor, and shall also forfeit and pay such damages as may be 
recovered in a civil action by such proprietor in any court of competent 
jurisdiction. 

Sec. 4965. If any person, after the recording of the title of any map, 
chart, musical composition, print, cut, engraving, or photograph, or 
chromo, or of the description of any painting, drawing, statue, statuary, or 
model or design intended to be perfected and executed as a work of the fine 
arts as provided by this chapter, shall, within the term limited, and with- 
out the consent of the proprietor of the copyright first obtained in writing, 
signed in presence of two or more witnesses, engrave, etch, work, copy^ 
print, publish, or import, either in whole or in part, or by varying the 
main design with intent to evade the law, or, knowing the same to be so 
printed, published, or imported, shall sell or expose to sale any copy of 
such map or other article, as aforesaid, he shall forfeit to the proprietor 
all the plates on which the same shall be copied, and every sheet thereof, 
either copied or printed, and shall further forfeit one dollar for every sheet 
of the same found in his possession, either printing, printed, copied, pub- 
lished, imported, or exposed for sale; and in case of a painting, statue, or 
statuary, he shall forfeit ten dollars for every copy of the same in his 
possession, or by him sold or exposed for sale; one-half thereof to the pro- 
prietor and the other half to the use of the United States. 

Sec. 4966. Any person publicly performing or representing any dramatic 
composition for which a copyright has been obtained, without the consent 
of the proprietor thereof, or his heirs or assigns, shall be liable for dam- 
ages therefor; such damages in all cases to be assessed at such sum, not 
less than one hundred dollars for the first, and fifty dollars for every sub- 
sequent performance, as to the court shall appear to be just. 

Sec. 4967. Every person who shall print or publish any manuscript 
whatever, without the consent of the author or proprietor first obtained, 
(if such author or proprietor is a citizen of the United States, or resi- 
dent therein, ) shall be liable to the author or proprietor for all damages 



THE LAW OF COPYEIGHT 

IN THE 

XJISriTED STATES. 



IN FORCE AUGUST 1, 1885. 



FBOM THE REVISED STATUTES OF THE UNITED STATES, JiY 

FORCE DECEMBER 1, 1873, AS AMENDED BY ACT 

APPROVED JUNE 18, 1874. 



SECTioisr 4948. All records and other things relating to copyrights and 
required by law to be preserved, shall be under the control of the Libra- 
rian of Congress, and kept and preserved in the Library of Congress; and 
the Librarian of Congress shall have the immediate care and supervision 
thereof, and, under the supervision of the Joint Committee of Congress 
on the Library, shall perform all acts and duties required by law touch- 
ing copyrights. 

Sec. 4949. The seal provided for the o£Q.ce of the Librarian of Congress 
shall be the seal thereof, and by it all records and papers issued from the 
office, and to be used in evidence shall be authenticated. 

Sec. 4950. The Librarian of Congress shall give a bond, with sureties,, 
to the Treasurer of the United States, in the sum of five thousand dollars,, 
with the condition that he will render to the proper officers of the Treas- 
ury a true account of all moneys received by virtue of his office. 

Sec. 4951. The Librarian of Congress shall make an annual report tO' 
Congress of the number and description of copyright publications for 
which entries have been made during the year. 

Sec. 4952. Any citizen of the United States, or resident therein, who shall 
be the author, inventor, designer, or proprietor of any book, map, chart, 
dramatic or musical composition, engraving, cut, print, or photograph 
or negative thereof, or of a painting, drawing, chromo, statue, statuary,, 
and of models or designs intended to be perfected as works of the tine 
arts, and the executors. administT^^nrQ nr ^««iorn^ nfLa^iA^^m^iL-Lim:.^^^— 



shall, upon complying with the provisions of this chapter, have the sole 
liberty of printing, reprinting, publishing, completing, copying, execut_ 
ing, finishing, and vending the same; and, in the case of a dramatic com- 
position, of publicly performing or representing it, or causing it to be per- 
formed or represented by others. And authors may reserve the right to 
dramatize or translate their own works. 

Sec. 4953. Copyrights shall be granted for the term of twenty-eight 
years from the time of recording the title thereof, in the manner herein- 
after directed. 

Sec. 4954. The author, inventor, or designer, if he be still living and 
a citizen of the United States or resident therein, or his widow or child- 
ren if he be dead, shall have the same exclusive right continued for the 
further term of fourteen years, upon recording the title of the work or 
description of the article so secured a second time, and complying with 
all other regulations in regard to original copyrights, within six months 
before the expiration of the first term. And such person shall, within 
two months from the date of said renewal, cause a copy of the record 
thereof to be published in one or more newspapers, printed in the United 
States, for the space of four weeks. 

Sec. 4955. Copyrights shall be assignable in law by any instrument of 
writing, and such assignment shall be recorded in the ofice of the Libra- 
rian of Congress within sixty days after its execution; in default of which 
it shall be void as against any subsequent purchaser or mortgagee for a 
valuable consideration, without notice. 

Sec. 4956. No person shall be entitled to a copyright unless he shall, 
before publication, deliver at the office of the Librarian of Congress, or 
deposit in the mail addressed to the Librarian of Congress, at Washing- 
ton, District of Columbia, a printed copy of the title of the book or other 
article, or a description of the painting, drawdng, chromo, statue, stat- 
uary, or a model or design for a work of the fine arts, for which he desires 
a copyright; nor unless he shall also, within ten days from the publica- 
tion thereof, deliver at the office of the Librarian of Congress, or deposit 
in the mail addressed to the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, Dis- 
trict of Columbia, two copies of such copyright book or other article, or, 
in case of a painting, drawing, statue, statuary, model or design for a 
work of the fine arts, a photograph of the same. 

Sec. 4957. The Librarian of Congress shall record the name of such 
copyright book, or other article, forthwith in a book to be kept for that 
purpose, in the words following: " Library of Congress, to wit: Be it re- 
membered that on the day of A. B. , of hath depos- 
ited in this office the title of a book, (map, chart, or otherwise, as the 
case may be, or description of the article,) the title or description of 
which is in the following words, to wit: (here insert the title or descrip- 



tion,) the right whereof he claims as author, (originator, or proprietor, 
as the case may be,) in conformity with the laws of the United States 
respecting copyrights. C. D., Librarian of Congress." And he shall 
give a copy of the title or description, under the seal of the Librarian of 
Congress, to the proprietor whenever he shall require it. 

Sec. 4958. The Librarian of Congress shall receive from the persons to 
whom the services designated are rendered, the following fees: 1. For 
recording the title or description of any copyright book or other article, 
fifty cents. 2. For every copy under seal of such record actually given 
to the person claiming the copyright, or his assigns, fifty cents. 3. For 
recording and certifying any instrument of writing for the assignment of 
a copyright, one dollar. 4. For every copy of an assignment, one dollar. 
All fees so received shall be paid into the treasury of the United State>s. 

Sec. 4959. The proprietor of every copyright book or other article shall 
deliver at the office of the Librarian of Congress, or deposit in the mail 
addressed to the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, District of Colum- 
bia, within ten days after its publication, two complete printed copies 
thereof, of the best edition issued, or description or photograph of such 
article as hereinbefore required, and a copy of every subsequent edition 
wherein any substantial changes shall be made. 

Sec. 4960. For every failure on the part of the proprietor of any copy- 
right to deliver, or deposit in the mail, either of the published copies, or 
description, or photograph, required by Sections 4956 and 4959, the pro- 
prietor of the copyright shall be liable to a penalty of twenty-five dollars, 
to be recovered by the Librarian of Congress, in the name of the United 
States, in an action in the nature of an action of debt, in any district court 
of the United States within the jurisdiction of which the delinquent may 
reside or be found. 

Sec. 4961. The postmaster to whom such copyright book, title, or other 
article is delivered, shall, if requested, give a receipt therefor ; and when 
so delivered he shall mail it to its destination. 

Sec. 4962. No person shall maintain an action for the infringement of 
his copyright ualess he shall give notice thereof by inserting in the sev- 
eral copies of every edition published, on the title-page or the page imme- 
diately following, if it be a book; or if a map, chart, musical composition, 
print, cut, engraving, photograph, painting, drawing, chromo, statue, 
statuary, or model or design intended to be perfects and completed as » 
work of the fine arts, by inscribing upon some visible portion thereof, oi 
of the substance on which the same shall be mounted, the following words, 

viz: ^'Entered according to act of Congress, in the year , by A. B., 

in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington;" or, at his 
option, the word ^'Copyright," together with the year the copyright was 
entered, and the name of the party by whom it was taken out, thris:; 



Sec. 4963. Every person who shall insert or impress such notice, or 
words of the same purport, in or upon any book, map, chart, musical 
composition, print, cut, engraving, or photograph, or other article, for 
which he has not obtained a copyright, shall be liable to a penalty of one 
hundred dollars, recoverable one-half for the person who shall sue for 
such penalty, and one-half to the use of the United States. 

Sec. 4964. Every person who, after the recording of the title of any 
book as provided by this chapter, shall, within the term limited, and with- 
out the consent of the proprietor of the copyright first obtained in writing, 
signed in presence of two or more witnesses, print, publish, or import, 
or, knowing the same to be so printed, published, or imported, shall sell 
or expose to sale any copy of such book, shall forfeit every copy thereof 
t® such proprietor, and shall also forfeit and pay such damages as may be 
recovered in a civil action by such proprietor in any court of comjpetent 
jurisdiction. 

Sec. 4965. If any person, after the recording of the title of any map, 
chart, musical com^DOsition, print, cut, engraving, or photograph, or 
cliromo, or of the description of any painting, drawing, statue, statuary, or 
model or design intended to be perfected and executed as a work of the fine 
arts as provided by this chapter, shall, within the term limited, and with- 
out the consent of the proprietor of the copyright first obtained in writing, 
signed in presence of two or more witnesses, engrave, etch, work, copy, 
print, publish, or import, either in whole or in part, or by varying the 
main design with intent to evade the law, or, knowing the same to be so 
printed, published, or imported, shall sell or expose to sale any copy of 
such map or other article, as aforesaid, he shall forfeit to the proprietor 
all the plates on which the same shall be copied, and every sheet thereof, 
either copied or printed, and shall further forfeit one dollar for every sheet 
of the same found in his possession, either printing, printed, copied, pub- 
lished, imported, or exposed for sale; and in case of a painting, statue, or 
statuary, he shall forfeit ten dollars for every copy of the same in his 
possession, or by him sold or exposed for sale; one-half thereof to the pro- 
prietor and the other half to the use of the United States. 

Sec. 4966. Any person publicly performing or representing any dramatic 
composition for which a copyright has been obtained, without the consent 
of the proprietor thereof, or his heirs or assigns, shall be liable for dam- 
ages therefor; such damages in all cases to be assessed at such sum, not 
le«s than one hundred dollars for the first, and fifty dollars for every sub- 
sequent performance, as to the court shall appear to be just. 

Sec. 4967. Every person who shall print or publish any manuscript 
whatever, without the consent of the author or proprietor first obtained, 
(if such author or proprietor is a citizen of the United States, or resi- 
dent therein, ) shall be liable to the author or proprietor for all damages 



Sec. 4968. No action shall be maintained in any case of forfeiture or 
penalty under the copyright laws, unless the same is commenced within 
two years after the cause of action has arisen. 

Sec. 4969. In all actions arising under the laws respecting copyrights 
the defendant may plead the general issue, and give the special matter in 
evidence. 

Sec. 4970. The circuit courts, and district courts haying the jurisdic- 
tion of circuit courts^ shall have power, upon IdIII in equity, filed by any 
party aggrieved, to grant injunctions to prevent the violation of any right 
secured by the laws respecting copyrights, according to the course and 
principles of courts of equity, on such terms as the court may deem reason- 
able. 

Sec. 4971. Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to j)rohibit the 
printing, publishing, importation, or sale of any book, maj), chart, dra- 
matic or musical composition, j)rint. cut, engraving, or photograph, writ- 
ten, composed, or made by any person not a citizen of the United States 
nor resident therein. 

Sec. — . [Approved June 18, 1874, to take effect August 1. 1874.] 
In the construction of this act the words ''engraving,'* ''cut," and 
* Sprint," shall be applied only to pictorial illustrations or works con- 
nected with the fine arts, and no prints or labels designed to be used for 
any other articles of manufacture shall be entered under the copyright 
law, but may be registered in the Patent Office. And the Commissioner of 
Patents is hereby charged with the supervision and control of the entry 
or registry of such ]3rints or labels, in conformity with the regulations 
provided by law as to copyright of prints, except that there shall be paid 
for recording the title of any print or label, not a trade-mark, six 
dollars, which shall cover the expense of furnishing a copy of the record. 
under the seal of the Commissioner of Patents, to the party entering the 
same. 



Sec. 4968. No action shall be maintained in any case of forfeiture or 
penalty under the copyright laws, unless the same is commenced within 
two years after the cause of action has arisen. 

Sec. 4969. In all actions arising under the laws respecting copyrights 
the defendant may plead the general issue, and give the special matter in 
evidence. 

Sec. 4970. The circuit courts, and district courts having the jurisdic- 
tion of circuit courts^ shall have power, upon bill in equity, filed by any 
party aggrieved, to grant injunctions to prevent the violation of any right 
secured by the laws respecting copyrights, according to the course and 
principles of courts of equity, on such terms as the court may deem reason- 
able. 

Sec. 4971. Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to prohibit the 
printing, publishing, importation, or sale of any book, map, chart, dra- 
matic or musical composition, print, cut, engraving, or photograph, writ- 
ten, composed, or made by any person not a citizen of the United States 
nor resident therein. 

Sec. — . [Approved June 18, 1874, to take effect August 1, 1874.] 
In the construction of this act the words "engraving," "cut," and 
* ' print, ' ' shall be applied only to pictorial illustrations or works con- 
nected with the fine arts, and no prints or labels designed to be used for 
any other articles of manufacture shall be entered under the copyright 
law, but may be registered in the Patent Office. And the Commissioner of 
Patents is hereby charged with the supervision and control of the entry 
or registry of such prints or labels, in conformity with the regulations 
provided by law as to copyright of prints, except that there shall be paid 
for recording the title of any print or label, not a trade-mark, six 
dollars, which shall cover the expense of furnishing a copy of the record, 
under the seal of the Commissioner of Patents, to the party entering the 
same. 



THE LAW OP COPYRIGHT 

IN THE 

TJISriTED STA^TES. 



IN FORCE AUGUST 1, 1885. 



FROM THE REVISED STATUTES OF THE UNITED STATES, IN 

FORCE DECEMBER 1, 1873, AS AMENDED BY ACT 

APPROVED JUNE 18, 1874. 



Sectioi^ 4948. All records and other things relating to copyrights and 
required by law to be preserved, shall be under the control of the Libra- 
rian of Congress, and kept and preserved in the Library of Congress; and 
the Librarian of Congress shall have the immediate care and supervision 
thereof, and, under the supervision of the Joint Committee of Congress 
on the Library, shall perform all acts and duties required by law touch- 
ing copyrights. 

Sec. 4949. The seal provided for the office of the Librarian of Congress 
shall be the seal thereof, and by it all records and papers issued from the 
office, and to be used in evidence shall be authenticated. 

Sec. 4950. The Librarian of Congress shall give a bond, with sureties,, 
to the Treasurer of the United States, in the sum of five thousand dollai^, 
with the condition that he will render to the proper officers of the Treas- 
ury a true account of all moneys received by virtue of his office. 

Sec. 4951. The Librarian of Congress shall make an annual report tO' 
Congress of the number and description of copyright publications for 
which entries have been made during the year. 

Sec. 4952. Any citizen of the United States, or resident therein, who shall 
be the author, inventor, designer, or proprietor of any book, map, chart, 
dramatic or musical composition, engraving, cut, print, or photograph 
or negative thereof, or of a painting, drawing, chromo, statue, statuary, 
and of models or designs intended to be perfected as works of the tine 
arts, and the executors, administrators, or assigns of an\L_snch-_Qm:aQii— 



skall, upon complying with the provisions of this chapter, have the sole 
liberty of printing, reprinting, publishing, completing, copying, execut. 
ing, finishing, and vending the same; and, in the case of a dramatic com- 
position, of publicly performing or representing it, or causing it to be per- 
formed or represented by others. And authors may reserve the right to 
dramatize or translate their own works. 

Sec. 4953. Copyrights shall be granted for the term of twenty-eight 
years from the time of recording the title thereof, in the manner herein- 
after directed. 

Sec. 4954. The author, inventor, or designer, if he be still living and 
a citizen of the United States or resident therein, or his widow or child- 
ren if he be dead, shall have the same exclusive right continued for the 
further term of fourteen years, upon recording the title of the work or 
description of the article so secured a second time, and complying with 
ail other regulations in regard to original copyrights, within six months 
before the expiration of the first term. And such person shall, within 
two months from the date of said renewal, cause a copy of the record 
liiereof to be published in one or more newspapers, printed in the United 
States, for the space of four weeks. 

Sec. 4955. Copyrights shall be assignable in law by any instrument of 
writing, and such assignment shall be recorded in the office of the Libra- 
rian of Congress within sixty days after its execution; in default of which 
it shall be void as against any subsequent purchaser or mortgagee for a 
valuable consideration, without notice. 

Sec. 4956. No person shall be entitled to a copyright unless he shall, 
before publication, deliver at the office of the Librarian of Congress, or 
deposit in the mail addressed to the Librarian of Congress, at Washing- 
ton, District of Columbia, a printed copy of the title of the book or other 
article, or a description of the painting, drawing, chromo, statue, stat- 
uary, or a model or design for a work of the fine arts, for which he desires 
a copyright; nor unless he shall also, within ten days from the publica- 
tion thereof, deliver at the office of the Librarian of Congress, or deposit 
in the mail addressed to the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, Dis- 
trict of Columbia, two copies of such copyright book or other article, or, 
in case of a painting, drawing, statue, statuary, model or design for a 
work of the fine arts, a photograph of the same. 

Sec. 4957. The Librarian of Congress shall record the name of such 
copyright book, or other article, forthwith in a book to be kept for that 
purpose, in the words following: " Library of Congress, to wit: Be it re- 
membered that on the day of A. B. , of hath depos- 
ited in this office the title of a book, (map, chart, or otherwise, as the 
case may be, or description of the article,) the title or description of 
wtiich is in the following words, to wit: (here insert the title or descrip- 



tion,) the right whereof he claims as author, (originator, or proprietor, 
as the case maj be,) in conformity with the laws of the United States 
respecting copyrights. C. D., Librarian of Congress." And he shall 
give a copy of the title or description, under the seal of the Librarian of 
Congress, to the proprietor whenever he shall require it. 

Sec. 4958. The Librarian of Congress shall receive from the persons to 
whom the services designated are rendered, the following fees: 1. For 
recording the title or description of any copyright book or other article, 
fifty cents. 2. For every copy under seal of such record actually gives 
to the person claiming the copyright, or his assigns, fifty cents. 3. For 
recording and certifying any instrument of writing for the assignment of 
a copyright, one dollar. 4. For every copy of an assignment, one dollar. 
All fees so received shall be paid into the treasury of the United States. 

Sec. 4959. The proprietor of every copyright book or other article shall 
deliver at the office of the Librarian of Congress, or deposit in the mail 
addressed to the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, District of Colum- 
bia, within ten days aft^r its publication, two complete printed copies 
thereof, of the best edition issued, or descrir>tion or photograph of such 
article as hereinbefore required, and a copy of every subsequent edition 
wherein any substantial changes shall be made. 

Sec. 4960. For every failure on the part of the proprietor of any copy- 
right to deliver, or deposit in the mail, either of the published copies, or 
description, or photograph, required by Sections 4956 and 4959, the pro- 
prietor of the copyright shall be liable to a penalty of twenty-five dollai^, 
to be recovered by the Librarian of Congress, in the name of the United 
States, in an action in the nature of an action of debt, in any district court 
of the United States within the jurisdiction of which the delinquent may 
reside or be found. 

Sec. 4961. The postmaster to whom such copyright book, title, or other 
article is delivered, shall, if requested, give a receipt therefor ; and whcE 
so delivered he shall mail it to its destination. 

Sec. 4962. No person shall maintain an action for the infringement of 
his copyright unless he shall give notice thereof by inserting in the sev- 
eral copies of every edition published, on the title-page or the page imme- 
diately following, if it be a book; or if a map, chart, musical composition, 
print, cut, engraving, photograph, painting, drawing, chromo, statue, 
statuary, or model or design intended to be perfected and completed as a 
work of the fine arts, by inscribing upon some visible portion thereof, or 
of the substance on which the same shall be mounted, the following words, 

viz: "Entered according to act of Congress, in the year , by A. B., 

in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington;'' or, at his 
option, the word "Copyright," together with the year the copyright wais 
entered, and the name of the party by whom it was taken out, thus: 



Sec. 4963. Every person who shall insert or impress such notice, or 
words of the same purport, in or upon any book, map, chart, musical 
composition, print, cut, engraving, or photograph, or other article, for 
which he has not obtained a copyright, shall be liable to a penalty of one 
hundred dollars, recoverable one-half for the person who shall sue for 
such penalty, and one-half to the use of the United States. 

Sec. 4964. Every person who, after the recording of the title of any 
book as provided by this chapter, shall, within the term limited, and with- 
out the consent of the proprietor of the copyright first obtained in writing, 
signed in presence of two or more witnesses, print, publish, or import, 
or, knowing the same to be so printed, published, or imported, shall sell 
#r expose to sale any copy of such book, shall forfeit every copy thereof 
is such proprietor, and shall also forfeit and pay such damages as may be 
recovered in a civil action by such proprietor in any court of competent 
jurisdiction. 

Sec. 4965. If any person, after the recording of the title of any map, 
chart, musical composition, print, cut, engraving, or photograph, or 
ohromo, or of the description of any painting, drawing, statue, statuary, or 
model or design intended to be perfected and executed as a work of the fine 
arts as provided by this chapter, shall, within the term limited, and with- 
out the consent of the proprietor of the copyright first obtained in writing, 
signed in presence of two or more witnesses, engrave, etch, work, copy, 
print, publish, or import, either in whole or in part, or by varying the 
main design with intent to evade the law, or, knowing the same to be so 
printed, published, or imported, shall sell or expose to sale any copy of 
such map or other article, as aforesaid, he shall forfeit to the proprietor 
all the plates on which the same shall be copied, and every sheet thereof, 
either copied or printed, and shall further forfeit one dollar for every sheet 
of the same found in his possession, either printing, printed, copied, pub- 
lished, imported, or exposed for sale ; and in case of a painting, statue, or 
statuary, he shall forfeit ten dollars for every copy of the same in his 
possession, or by him sold or exposed for sale; one-half thereof to the pro- 
prietor and the oth^i half to the use of the United States. 

Sec. 4966. Any person publicly performing or representing any dramatic 
composition for which a copyright has been obtained, without the consent 
of the proprietor thereof, or his heirs or assigns, shall be liable for dam- 
ages therefor; such damages in all cases to be assessed at such sum, not 
less than one hundred dollars for the first, and fifty dollars for every sub- 
sequent performance, as to the court shall appear to be just. 

Sec. 4967. Every person who shall print or publish any manuscript 
whatever, without the consent of the author or proprietor first obtained, 
(if such author or proprietor is a citizen of the United States, or resi- 
dent therein, ) shall be liable to the author or proprietor for all damages 



THE LAW OF COPYEIGHT 

IN THE 



IN FORCE AUGUST 1, 1885. 



FROM THE REVISED STATUTES OF THE UNITED STATES, IX 

FORCE DECEMBER 1, 1873, AS AMENDED BY ACT 

APPROVED JUNE 18, 1874. 



Sectiox 4948. All records and other things relating to copyrights and 
required by law to be preserved, shall be under the control of the Libra- 
rian of Congress, and kept and preserved in the Library of Congress ; and 
the Librarian of Congress shall have the immediate care and supervision 
thereof, and, under the supervision of the Joint Committee of Congress 
on the Library, shall perform all acts and duties required by law touch- 
ing copyrights. 

Sec. 4949. The seal provided for the office of the Librarian of Congress*- 
shall be the seal thereof, and by it all records and papers issued from the 
office, and to be used in evidence shall be authenticated. 

Sec. 4950. The Librarian of Congress shall give a bond, with sureties,, 
to the* Treasurer of the United States, in the sum of five thousand dollars,, 
with the condition that he will render to the proper officers of the Treas- 
ury a true account of all moneys received by virtue of his office. 

Sec. 4951. The Librarian of Congress shall make an annual report io' 
Congress of the number and description of copyright publications lor 
which entries have been made during the year. 

Sec. 4952. Any citizen of the United States, or resident therein, who shall 
be the author, inventor, designer, or proprietor of any book, map, chart, 
dramatic or musical composition, engraving, cut, print, or photograph 
or negative thereof, or of a painting, drawing, chromo, statue, statuary, 
and of models or designs intended to be perfected as works of the line 
arts, and the executors, administrators, or assigns of anv such persoiL— 



shall, upon complying with the provisions of this chapter, have the sole 
liberty of printing, reprinting, publishing, completing, copying, execut. 
ing, finishing, and vending the same; and, in the case of a dramatic com- 
position, of publicly performing or representing it, or causing it to be per- 
formed or represented by others. And authors may reserve the right to 
dramatize or translate their own works. 

Sec. 4953. Copyrights shall be granted for the term of twenty-eight 
years from the time of recording the title thereof, in the manner herein- 
after directed. 

Sec. 4954. The author, inventor, or designer, if he be still living and 
a citizen of the United States or resident therein, or his widow or child- 
ren if he be dead, shall have the same exclusive right continued for the 
further term of fourteen years, upon recording the title of the work or 
description of the article so secured a second time, and complying with 
all other regulations in regard to original copyrights, within six months 
before the expiration of the first term. And such person shall, within 
two months from the date of said renewal, cause a copy of the record 
thereof to be published in one or more newspapers, printed in the United 
States, for the space of four weeks. 

Sec. 4955. Copyrights shall be assignable in law by any instrument of 
writing, and such assignment shall be recorded in the ofiice of the Libra- 
rian of Congress within sixty days after its execution ; in default of which 
it shall be void as against any subsequent purchaser or mortgagee for a 
valuable consideration, without notice. 

Sec. 4956. No person shall be entitled to a copyright unless he shall, 
before publication, deliver at the office of the Librarian of Congress, or 
deposit in the mail addressed to the Librarian of Congress, at Washing- 
ton, District of Columbia, a printed copy of the title of the book or other 
article, or a description of the painting, drawing, chromo, statue, stat- 
uary, or a model or design for a work of the fine arts, for which he desires 
a copyright; nor unless he shall also, within ten days from the publica- 
tion thereof, deliver at the office of the Librarian of Congress, or deposit 
in the mail addressed to the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, Dis- 
trict of Columbia, two copies of such copyright book or other article, or, 
in case of a painting, drawing, statue, statuary, model or design for a 
work of the fine arts, a photograph of the same. 

Sec. 4957. The Librarian of Congress shall record the name of such 
copyright book, or other article, forthwith in a book to be kept for that 
purpose, in the words following: " Library of Congress, to wit: Be it re- 
membered that on the day of A. B., of hath depos- 
ited in this office the title of a book, (map, chart, or otherwise, as the 
case may be, or description of the article,) the title or description of 
which is in the following words, to wit: (here insert the title or descrip- 



tion,) the right whereof he claims as author, (originator, or proprietor, 
as the case may be,) in conformity with the laws of the United States 
respecting copyrights. C. D., Librarian of Congress." And he shall 
give a copy of the title or description, under the seal of the Librarian of 
Congress, to the proprietor whenever he shall require it. 

Sec. 4958. The Librarian of Congress shall receive from the persons to 
whom the services designated are rendered, the following fees: 1. For 
recording the title or description of any copyright book or other article, 
fifty cents. 2. For every copy under seal of such record actually given 
to the person claiming the copyright, or his assigns, fifty cents. 3. For 
recording and certifying any instrument of writing for the assignment of 
a copyright, one dollar. 4. For every copy of an assignment, one dollar. 
All fees so received shall be paid into the treasury of the United States. 

Sec. 4959. The proprietor of every copyright book or other article shall 
deliver at the office of the Librarian of Congress, or deposit in the mail 
addressed to the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, District of Colum- 
bia, within ten days after its publication, two complete printed copies 
thereof, of the best edition issued, or description or photograph of such 
article as hereinbefore required, and a copy of every subsequent edition 
wherein any substantial changes shall be made. 

Sec. 4960. For every failure on the part of the proprietor of any copy- 
right to deliver, or deposit in the mail, either of the published copies, or 
description, or photograph, required by Sections 4956 and 4959, the pro- 
prietor of the copyright shall be liable to a penalty of twenty-five dollars, 
to be recovered by the Librarian of Congress, in the name of the United 
States, in an action in the nature of an action of debt, in any district court 
of the United States within the jurisdiction of which the delinquent may 
reside or be found. 

Sec. 4961. The postmaster to whom such copyright book, title, or other 
article is delivered, shall, if requested, give a receipt therefor ; and when 
so delivered he shall mail it to its destination. 

Sec. 4962. No person shall maintain an action for the infringement of 
his copyright uuless he shall give notice thereof by inserting in the sev- 
eral copies of every edition published, on the title-page or the page imme- 
diately following, if it be a book; or if a map, chart, musical composition, 
print, cut, engraving, photograph, painting, drawing, chromo, statue, 
statuary, or model or design intended to be perfected and completed as a 
work of the fine arts, by inscribing upon some visible portion thereof, or 
of the substance on which the same shall be mounted, the following words, 

viz: ''Entered according to act of Congress, in the year , by A. B., 

in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington;" or, at his 
option, the word ''Copyright," together with the year the copyright was 
entered, and the name of the party by whom it was taken out, thus: 



Sec. 4963. Every person who shall insert or impress such notice, or 
words of the same purport, in or upon any book, map, chart, musical 
composition, print, cut, engraving, or photograph, or other article, for 
which he has not obtained a copyright, shall be liable to a penalty of one 
hundred dollars, recoverable one-half for the person who shall sue for 
such penalty, and one-half to the use of the United States. 

Sec. 4964. Every person who, after the recording of the title of any 
book as provided by this chapter, shall, within the term limited, and with- 
out the consent of the proprietor of the copyright first obtained in writing, 
signed in presence of two or more witnesses, print, publish, or import, 
or, knowing the same to be so printed, published, or imported, shall sell 
or expose to sale any copy of such book, shall forfeit every copy thereof 
to such proprietor, and shall also forfeit and pay such damages as may be 
recovered in a civil action by such proprietor in any court of competent 
jurisdiction. 

Sec. 4965. If any person, after the recording of the title of any map, 
chart, musical composition, print, cut, engraving, or photograph, or 
chromo, or of the description of any painting, drawing, statue, statuary, or 
model or design intended to be perfected and executed as a work of the fine 
arts as provided by this chapter, shall, within the term limited, and with- 
out the consent of the proprietor of the copyright first obtained in writing, 
signed in presence of two or more witnesses, engrave, etch, work, copy, 
print, publish, or import, either in whole or in part, or by varying the 
main design with intent to evade the law, or, knowing the same to be so 
printed, published, or imported, shall sell or expose to sale any copy of 
such map or other article, as aforesaid, he shall forfeit to the proprietor 
all the plates on which the same shall be copied, and every sheet thereof, 
either copied or printed, and shall further forfeit one dollar for every sheet 
of the same found in his possession, either printing, printed, copied, pub- 
lished, imported, or exposed for sale; and in case of a painting, statue, or 
statuary, he shall forfeit ten dollars for every copy of the same in his 
possession, or by him sold or exposed for sale; one-half thereof to the pro- 
prietor and the other half to the use of the United States. 

Sec. 4966. Any person publicly performing or representing any dramatic 
composition for which a copyright has been obtained, without the consent 
of the proprietor thereof, or his heirs or assigns, shall be liable for dam- 
ages therefor; such damages in all cases to be assessed at such sum, not 
less than one hundred dollars for the first, and fifty dollars for every sub- 
sequent performance, as to the court shall appear to be just. 

Sec. 4967. Every person who shall print or publish any manuscript 
whatever, without the consent of the author or proprietor first obtained, 
(if such author or proprietor is a citizen of the United States, or resi- 
dent therein, ) shall be liable to the author or proprietor for all damages 



Sec. 4968. No action shall be maintained in any case of forfeiture or 
penalty under the copyright laws, unless the same is commenced within 
two years after the cause of action has arisen. 

Sec. 4969. In all actions arising under the laws respecting copyrights 
the defendant may plead the general issue, and give the special matter in 
evidence. 

Sec. 4970. The circuit courts, and district courts having the jurisdic- 
tion of circuit courts^ shall have power, upon bill in equity, filed by any 
party aggrieved, to grant injunctions to prevent the violation of any right 
• secured by the laws respecting copyrights, according to the course and 
principles of courts of equity, on such terms as the court may deem reason- 
able. 

Sec. 4971. Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to prohibit the 
printing, publishing, importation, or sale of any book, map, chart, dra- 
matic or musical composition, print, cut, engraving, or photograph, writ- 
ten, composed, or made by any person not a citizen of the United States 
nor resident therein. 

Sec. — . [Approved June 18, 1874, to take effect August 1, 1874.] 
In the construction of this act the words "engraving," ''cut," and 
' ' print, ' ' shall be applied only to pictorial illustrations or works con- 
nected with the fine arts, and no prints or labels designed to be used for 
any other articles of manufacteire shall be entered under the copyright 
law, but may be registered in the Patent Ofiice. And the Commissioner of 
Patents is hereby charged with the supervision and control of the entry 
or registry of such prints or labels, in conformity with the regulations 
provided by law as to copyright of prints, except that there shall be paid 
for recording the title of any print or label, not a trade-mark, six 
dollars, which shall cover the expense of famishing a copy of the record, 
under the seal of the Commissioner of Patents, to the party entering the 
same. 



Sec. 4968. No action shall be maintained in any case of forfeiture or 
X)enalty under the copyright laws, unless the same is commenced within 
two years after the cause of action has arisen. 

Sec. 4969. In all actions arising under the laws respecting copyrights 
the defendant may plead the general issue, and give the special matter in 
evidence. 

Sec. 4970. The circuit courts, and district courts having the jurisdic- 
tion of circuit courts^ shall have power, upon bill in equity, filed by any 
party aggrieved, to grant injunctions to prevent the violation of any right 
secured by the laws respecting copyrights, according to the course and 
principles of courts of equity, on such terms as the court may deem reason- 
able. 

Sec. 4971. Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to prohibit the 
printing, publishing, importation, or sale of any book, map, chart, dra- 
matic or musical composition, print, cut, engraving, or photograph, writ- 
ten, composed, or made by any person not a citizen of the United States 
nor resident therein. 

Sec. — . [Approved June 18, 1874, to take effect August 1, 1874.] 
In the construction of this act the words ''engraving," "cut," and 
^ ' print, ' ' shall be applied only to pictorial illustrations or works con- 
nected with the fine arts, and no prints or labels designed to be used for 
any other articles of manufacture shall be entered under the copyright 
law, but may be registered in the Patent Office. And the Commissioner of 
Patents is hereby charged with the supervision and control of the entry 
or registry of such prints or labels, in conformity with the regulations 
provided by law as to copyright of prints, except that there shall be paid 
for recording the title of any print or label, not a trade-mark, six 
dollars, which shall cover the expense of furnishing a copy of the record, 
under the seal of the Commissioner of Patents, to the party entering the 
same. 



THE LAW OF COPYEIGHT 

IN THE 



m FORCE AUGUST 1, 1885. 



FROM THE REVISED STATUTES OF THE UNITED STATES. IN 

FORCE DECEMBER 1, 1873, AS AMENDED BY ACT 

APPROVED JUNE 18, 1874. 



Section 4948. All records and other things relating to copyrights and 
required by law to be preserved, shall be under the control of the Libra- 
rian of Congress, and kept and preserved in the Library of Congress : and 
the Librarian of Congress shall have the immediate care and supervision 
thereof, and, under the supervision of the Joint Committee of Congress 
on the Library, shall perform all acts and duties required by law touch- 
ing copyrights. 

Sec. 4949. The seal provided for the office of the Librarian of Congress 
shall be the seal thereof, and by it all records and papers issued from the 
oflace, and to be used in evidence shall be authenticated. 

Sec. 4950. The Librarian of Congress shall give a bond, with suretie^^ 
to the Treasurer of the United States, in the sum of five thousand dollars,, 
with the condition that he will render to the proper officers of the Treas- 
ury a true account of all moneys received by virtue of his office. 

Sec. 4951. The Librarian of Congress shall make an annual report to* 
Congress of the number and description of copyright publications Ibr 
which entries have been made during the year. 

Sec. 4952. Any citizen of the United States, or resident therein, whoshall 
be the author, inventor, designer, or proprietor of any book, map, chart, 
dramatic or musical composition, engraving, cut, print, or photograph 
or negative thereof, or of a painting, drawing, chromo, statue, statuary,. 
and of models or designs intended to be perfected as works of the fine 
arts, and the executors, administrators, or aR^icrn^a nf p^^- e.-.^!. ,.^..c.^.. 



skali, upon complying with the provisions of this chapter, have the sole 
liberty of printing, reprinting, publishing, completing, copying, execut. 
ing, finishing, and vending the same; and, in the case of a dramatic com- 
position, of publicly performing or representing it, or causing it to be per- 
formed or represented by others. And authors may reserve the right to 
dramatize or translate their own works. 

Sec. 4953. Copyrights shall be granted for the term of twenty-eight 
years from the time of recording the title thereof, in the manner herein- 
after directed. 

Sec. 4954. The author, inventor, or designer, if he be still living and 
a citizen of the United States or resident therein, or his widow or child- 
ren if he be dead, shall have the same exclusive right continued for the 
further term of fourteen years, upon recording the title of the work or 
description of the article so secured a second time, and complying with 
all other regulations in regard to original copyrights, within six months 
before the expiration of the first term. And such person shall, within 
two months from the date of said renewal, cause a copy of the record 
thereof to be published in one or more newspapers, printed in the United 
States, for the space of four weeks. 

Sec. 4955. Copyrights shall be assignable in law by any instrument of 
writing, and such assignment shall be recorded in the office of the Libra- 
rian of Congress within sixty days after its execution; in default of which 
it shall be void as against any subsequent purchaser or mortgagee for a 
valuable consideration, without notice. 

Sec. 4956. No person shall be entitled to a copyright unless he shall, 
before publication, deliver at the office of the Librarian of Congress, or 
deposit in the mail addressed to the Librarian of Congress, at Washing- 
ton, District of Columbia, a printed copy of the title of the book or other 
article, or a description of the painting, drawing, chromo, statue, stat- 
uary, or a model or design for a work of the fine arts, for which he desires 
a copyright; nor unless he shall also, within ten days from the publica- 
tion thereof, deliver at the office of the Librarian of Congress, or deposit 
in the mail addressed to the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, Dis- 
trict of Columbia, two copies of such copyright book or other article, or, 
in case of a painting, drawing, statue, statuary, model or design for a 
work of the fine arts, a photograph of the same. 

Sec. 4957. The Librarian of Congress shall record the name of such 
copyright book, or other article, forthwith in a book to be kept for that 
purpose, in the words following: " Library of Congress, to wit: Be it re- 
membered that on the day of A. B. , of hath depos- 
ited in this office the title of a book, (map, chart, or otherwise, as the 
case may be, or description of the article,) the title or description of 
which is in the following words, to wit: (here insert the title or descrip- 



tion,) the right whereof he claims as author, (originator, or proprietor^ 
as the case may be.) in conformity with the laws of the United State-s 
respecting copyrights. C. D., Librarian of Congress." And he shall 
give a copy of the title or description, under the seal of the Librarian of 
Congress, to the proprietor whenever he shall require it. 

Sec. 4958. The Librarian of Congress shall receive from the persons to 
whom the services designated are rendered, the following fees: 1. For 
recording the title or description of any copyright book or other article, 
fifty cents. 2. For every copy under seal of such record actually gives 
to the person claiming the copyright, or his assigns, fifty cents. 3. For 
recording and certifying any instrument of writing for the assignment of 
a copyright, one dollar. 4. For every copy of an assignment, one dollar. 
All fees so received shall be paid into the treasury of the United States. 

Sec. 4959. The proprietor of every copyright book or other article shall 
deliver at the office of the Librarian of Congress, or deposit in the mail 
addressed to the Librarian of Congress, at "Washington, District of Colum- 
bia, within ten days after its publication, two complete printed copies 
thereof, of the best edition issued, or description or photograph of such 
article as hereinbefore required, and a copy of every subsequent edition 
wherein any substantial changes shall be made. 

Sec. 4960. For every failure on the part of the proprietor of any copy- 
right to deliver, or deposit in the mail, either of the published copies, ox 
description, or photograph, required by Sections 4956 and 4959, the pro- 
prietor of the copyright shall be liable to a penalty of twenty-five dollars, 
to be recovered by the Librarian of Congress, in the name of the United 
States, in an action in the nature of an action of debt, in any district court 
of the United States within the jiuisdiction of which the delinquent may 
reside or be found. 

Sec. 4961. The postmaster to whom such copyright book, title, or other 
article is delivered, shall, if requested, give a receipt therefor : and when 
so delivered he shall mail it to its destination. 

Sec. 4962. Xo person shall maintain an action for the infringement of 
his copyright ualess he shall give notice thereof by inserting in the sev- 
eral copies of every edition published, on the title-page or the page imme- 
diately following, if it be a book; or if a map, chari:, musical compositioB^ 
print, cut, engraving, photograph, painting, drawing, chromo, statue, 
statuary, or model or design intended to be perfected and completed as a 
work of the fine arts, by inscribing upon some visible portion thereof, oi 
of the substance on which the same shall be mounted, the following word?, 

viz: '^ Entered according to act of Congress, in the year , by A. B. , 

in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington; " or, at his 
option, the word ''Copyright,** together with the year the copyright was 
entered, and the name of the party by whom it was taken out, thn? 



Sec. 4963. Every person who shall insert or impress such notice, or 
words of the same purport, in or upon any book, map, chart, musical 
composition, print, cut, engraving, or photograph, or other article, for 
which he has not obtained a copyright, shall be liable to a penalty of one 
hundred dollars, recoverable one-half for the person who shall sue for 
such penalty, and one-half to the use of the United States. 

Sec. 4964. Every person who, after the recording of the title of any 
book as provided by this chapter, shall, within the term limited, and with- 
out the consent of the proprietor of the copyright first obtained in writing, 
signed in presence of two or more witnesses, print, publish, or import, 
or, knowing the same to be so printed, published, or imported, shall sell 
or expose to sale any copy of such book, shall forfeit every copy thereof 
t@ such proprietor, and shall also forfeit and pay such damages as maybe 
recovered in a civil action by such proprietor in any court of competent 
jurisdiction. 

Sec. 4965. If any person, after the recording of the title of any map, 
chart, musical comjDOsition, print, cut, engraving, or photograph, or 
€hromo, or of the description of any painting, drawing, statue, statuary, or 
model or design intended to be perfected and executed as a work of the fine 
arts as provided by this chapter, shall, within the term limited, and with- 
out the consent of the proprietor of the copyright first obtained in writing, 
signed in presence of two or more witnesses, engrave, etch, work, copy, 
print, publish, or import, either in whole or in part, or by varying the 
main design with intent to evade the law, or, knowing the same to be so 
printed, published, or imported, shall sell or expose to sale any copy of 
such map or other article, as aforesaid,, he shall forfeit to the proprietor 
all the plates on which the same shall be copied, and every sheet thereof, 
either copied or printed, and shall further forfeit one dollar for every sheet 
of the same found in his possession, either printing, printed, copied, pub- 
lished, imported, or exposed for sale ; and in case of a painting, statue, or 
statuary, he shall forfeit ten dollars for every copy of the same in his 
possession, or by him sold or exposed for sale; one-half thereof to the pro- 
prietor and the other half to the use of the United States. 

Sec. 4966. Any person publicly performing or representing any dramatic 
€omposition for which a copyright has been obtained, without the consent 
of the proprietor thereof, or his heirs or assigns, shall be liable for dam- 
ages therefor; such damages in all cases to be assessed at such sum, not 
less than one hundred dollars for the first, and fifty dollars for every sub- 
sequent performance, as to the court shall appear to be just. 

Sec. 4967. Every person who shall print or publish any manuscript 
whatever, without the consent of the author or proprietor first obtained, 
(if such author or proprietor is a citizen of the United States, or resi- 
dent therein, ) shall be liable to the author or proprietor for all damages 



THE LAW OP COPYRIGHT 

IN THE 



IN FORCE AU&UST 1, 1885. 



FROM THE REVISED STATUTES OF THE UNITED STATES, IN 

FORCE DECEMBER 1, 1873, AS AMENDED BY ACT 

APPROVED JUNE 18, 1874. 



Section 4948. All records and other things relating to copyrights and 
required by law to be preserved, shall be under the control of the Libra- 
rian of Congress, and kept and preserved in the Library of Congress ; and 
the Librarian of Congress shall have the immediate care and supervision 
thereof, and, under the supervision of the Joint Committee of Congress 
on the Library, shall perform all acts and duties required by lav^ touch- 
ing copyrights. 

Sec. 4949. The seal provided for the office of the Librarian of Congress 
shall be the seal thereof, and by it all records and papers issued from the 
office, and to be used in evidence shall be authenticated. 

Sec. 4950. The Librarian of Congress shall give a bond, with sureties, 
to the Treasurer of the United States, in the sum of five thousand dollars, 
with the condition that he will render to the proper officers of the Treas- 
ury a true account of all moneys received by virtue of his office. 

Sec. 4951. The Librarian of Congress shall make an annual report to* 
Congress of the number and description of copyright publications for 
which entries have been made during the year. 

Sec. 4952. Any citizen of the United States, or resident therein, who shall 
be the author, inventor, designer, or proprietor of any book, map, charts 
dramatic or musical composition, engraving, cut, print, or photograph 
or negative thereof, or of a painting, drawing, chromo, statue, statuary,, 
and of models or designs intended to be perfected as works of the line 
arts, and the executors, administrators, or assigns of any such person^ 



skall, upon complying with the provisions of this chapter, have the sole 
liberty of printiog, reprinting, publishing, completing, copying, execut. 
ing, finishing, and vending the same; and, in the case of a dramatic com- 
position, of publicly performing or representing it, or causing it to be per- 
formed or represented by others. And authors may reserve the right to 
dramatize or translate their own works. 

Sec. 4953. Copyrights shall be granted for the term of twenty-eight 
years from the time of recording the title thereof, in the manner herein- 
after directed. 

Sec. 4954. The author, inventor, or designer, if he be still living and 
a citizen of the United States or resident therein, or his widow or child- 
ren if he be dead, shall have the same exclusive right continued for the 
further term of fourteen years, upon recording the title of the work or 
description of the article so secured a second time, and complying with 
all other regulations in regard to original copyrights, within six months 
before the expiration of the first term. And such person shall, within 
two months from the date of said renewal, cause a copy of the record 
thereof to be published in one or more newspapers, printed in the United 
States, for the space of four weeks. 

Sec. 4955. Copyrights shall be assignable in law by any instrument of 
.writing, and such assignment shall be recorded in the office of the Libra- 
rian of Congress within sixty days after its execution; in default of which 
it shall be void as against any subsequent purchaser or mortgagee for a 
valuable consideration, without notice. 

Sec. 4956. No person shall be entitled to a copyright unless he shall, 
before publication, deliver at the office of the Librarian of Congress, or 
deposit in the mail addressed to the Librarian of Congress, at Washing- 
ton, District of Columbia, a printed copy of the title of the book or other 
article, or a description of the painting, drawing, chromo, statue, stat- 
uary, or a model or design for a work of the fine arts, for which he desires 
a copyright; nor unless he shall also, within ten days from the publica- 
tion thereof, deliver at the office of the Librarian of Congress, or deposit 
in the mail addressed to the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, Dis- 
trict of Columbia, two copies of such copyright book or other article, or, 
in case of a painting, drawing, statue, statuary, model or design for a 
work of the fine arts, a photograph of the same. 

Sec. 4957. The Librarian of Congress shall record the name of such 
C-opyright book, or other article, forthwith in a book to be kept for that 
purpose, in the words following: " Library of Congress, to wit: Be it re- 
membered that on the day of A. B. , of hath depos- 
ited in this office the title of a book, (map, chart, or otherwise, as the 
case may be, or description of the article,) the title or description of 
which is in the following words, to wit: (here insert the title or descrip- 



tion,) the right whereof he claims as author, (originator, or proprietor, 
as the case may be,) in conformity with the laws of the United States 
respecting copyrights. C. D., Librarian of Congress." And he shall 
give a copy of the title or description, under the seal of the Librarian of 
Congress, to the proprietor whenever he shall require it. 

Sec. 4958. The Librarian of Congress shall receive from the persons to 
whom the services designated are rendered, the following fees: 1. For 
recording the title or description of any copyright book or other article, 
fifty cents. 2. For every copy under seal of such record actually given 
to the person claiming the copyright, or his assigns, fifty cents. 3. For 
recording and certifying any instrument of writing for the assignment of 
a copyright, one dollar. 4. For every copy of an assignment, one dollar. 
All fees so received shall be paid into the treasury of the United States. 

Sec. 4959. The proprietor of every copyright book or other article shall 
deliver at the office of the Librarian of Congress, or deposit in the mail 
addressed to the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, District of Colum- 
bia^ within ten days after its publication, two complete printed copies 
thereof, of the best edition issued, or descrir)tion or photograph of such 
article as hereinbefore required, and a copy of every subsequent edition 
wherein any substantial changes shall be made. 

Sec. 4960. For every failure on the part of the proprietor of any copy- 
right to deliver, or deposit in the mail, either of the published copies, or 
description, or photograph, required by Sections 4956 and 4959, the pro- 
prietor of the copyright shall be liable to a penalty of twenty-five dollars, 
to be recovered by the Librarian of Congress, in the name of the United 
States, in an action in the nature of an action of debt, in any district court 
of the United States within the jurisdiction of which the delinquent may 
reside or be found. 

Sec. 4961. The postmaster to whom such copyright ^^ook, title, or other 
article is delivered, shall, if requested, give a receipt therefor ; and when 
so delivered he shall mail it to its destination. 

Sec. 4962. No person shall maintain an action for the infringement of 
his copyright ualess he shall give notice thereof by inserting in the sev- 
eral copies of every edition published, on the title-page or the page imme- 
diately following, if it be a book; or if a map, chart, musical composition, 
print, cut, engraving, photograph, painting, drawing, chromo, statue, 
statuary, or model or design intended to be perfected and completed as a 
work of the fine arts, by inscribing upon some visible portion thereof, or 
of the substance on which the same shall be mounted, the following words, 

viz: "Entered according to act of Congress, in the year , by A. B., 

in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington; " or, at his 
option, the word "Copyright," together with the year the copyright was 
entered, and the name of the party by whom it was taken out, thus: 



Sec. 4963. Every person who shall insert or impress such notice, or 
words of the same purport, in or upon any book, map, chart, musical 
composition, print, cut, engraving, or photograph, or other article, for 
which he has not obtained a copyright, shall be liable to a penalty of one 
hundred dollars, recoverable one-half for the person who shall sue for 
such penalty, and one-half to the use of the United States. 

Sec. 4964. Every person who, after the recording of the title of any 
book as provided by this chapter, shall, within the term limited, and with- 
out the consent of the proprietor of the copyright first obtained in writing, 
signed in presence of two or more witnesses, print, publish, or import, 
or, knowing the same to be so printed, published, or imported, shall sell 
or expose to sale any copy of such book, shall forfeit every copy thereof 
to such proprietor, and shall also forfeit and pay such damages as may be 
recovered in a civil action by such proprietor in any court of competent 
jurisdiction. 

Sec. 4965. If any person, after the recording of the title of any map, 
chsiYt, musical com^DOsition, print, cut, engraving, or photograph, or 
chromo, or of the description of any painting, drawing, statue, statuary, or 
model or design intended to be perfected and executed as a work of the fine 
arts as provided by this chapter, shall, within the term limited, and with- 
out the consent of the proprietor of the copyright first obtained in writing, 
signed in presence of two or more witnesses, engrave, etch, work, copy, 
print, publish, or import, either in whole or in part, or by varying the 
main design with intent to evade the law, or, knowing the saro.e to be so 
printed, published, or imported, shall sell or expose to sale any copy of 
such map or other article, as aforesaid, he shall forfeit to the proprietor 
all the plates on which the same shall be copied, and every sheet thereof, 
either copied or printed, and shall further forfeit one dollar for every sheet 
of the same found in his possession, either printing, printed, copied, pub- 
lished, imported, or exposed for sale; and in case of a painting, statue, or 
statuary, he shall forfeit ten dollars for every copy of the same in his 
possession, or by him sold or exposed for sale; one-half thereof to the pro- 
prietor and the other half to the use of the United States. 

Sec. 4966. Any person xDublicly performing or representing any dramatic 
composition for which a copyright has been obtained, without the consent 
of the proprietor thereof, or his heirs or assigns, shall be liable for dam- 
ages therefor; such damages in all cases to be assessed at such sum, not 
less than one hundred dollars for the first, and fifty dollars for every sub- 
sequent performance, as to the court shall appear to be just. 

Sec. 4967. Every person who shall print or publish any manuscript 
whatever, without the consent of the author or proprietor first obtained, 
(if such author or proprietor is a citizen of the United States, or resi- 
dent therein, ) shall be liable to the author or proprietor for all damages 



Sec. 4968. No action shall be maintained in any case of forfeiture or 
penalty under the copyright laws, unless the same is commenced within 
two years after the cause of action has arisen. 

Sec. 4969. In all actions arising under the laws respecting copyrights 
the defendant may plead the general issue, and give the special matter in 
evidence. 

Sec. 4970. The circuit courts, and district courts having the jurisdic- 
tion of circuit courts^ shall have power, upon bill in equity, filed by any 
party aggrieved, to grant injunctions to prevent the violation of any right 
secured by the laws respecting copyrights, according to the course and 
principles of courts of equity, on such terms as the court may deem reason- 
able. 

Sec. 4971. Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to prohibit the 
printing, publishing, importation, or sale of any book, map, chart, dra- 
matic or musical composition, print, cut, engraving, or photograph, writ- 
ten, composed, or made by any person not a citizen of the United States 
nor resident therein. 

Sec. — . [Approved June 18, 1874, to take effect August 1, 1874.] 
In the construction of this act the words "engraving," "cut," and 
* ' print, ' ' shall be applied only to pictorial illustrations or works con- 
nected with the fine arts, and no prints or labels designed to be used for 
any other articles of manufacture shall be entered under the copyright 
law, but may be registered in the Patent Office. And the Commissioner of 
Patents is hereby charged with the supervision and control of the entry 
or registry of such prints or labels, in conformity with the regulations 
provided by law as to copyright of prints, except that there shall be paid 
for recording the title of any print or label, not a trade-mark, six 
dollars, which shall cover the expense of furnishing a copy of the record, 
under the seal of the Commissioner of Patents, to the party entering the 
same. 



Sec. 4968. No action shall be maintained in any case of forfeiture or 
penalty under the copyright laws, unless the same is commenced within 
two years after the cause of action has arisen. 

Sec. 4969. In all actions arising under the laws respecting copyrights 
the defendant may plead the general issue, and give the special matter in 
evidence. 

Sec. 4970. The circuit courts, and district courts having the jurisdic- 
tion of circuit courts^ shall have power, upon bill in equity, filed by any 
party aggrieved, to grant injunctions to prevent the violation of any right 
secured by the laws respecting copyrights, according to the course and 
principles of courts of equity, on such terms as the court may deem reason- 
able. 

Sec. 4971. Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to prohibit the 
printing, publishing, importation, or sale of any book, map, chart, dra- 
matic or musical composition, print, cut, engraving, or photograph, writ- 
ten, composed, or made by any person not a citizen of the United States 
nor resident therein. 

Sec. — . [Approved June 18, 1874, to take effect August 1, 1874.] 
In the construction of this act the words "engraving," ''cut," and 
* ' print, ' ' shall be applied only to pictorial illustrations or works con- 
nected with the fine arts, and no prints or labels designed to be used for 
any other articles of manufacture shall be entered under the copyright 
law, but may be registered in the Patent Office. And the Commissioner of 
Patents is hereby charged with the supervision and control of the entry 
or registry of such prints or labels, in conformity with the regulations 
provided by law as to copyright of prints, except that there shall be paid 
for recording the title of any print or label, not a trade-mark, six 
dollars, which shall cover the expense of furnishing a copy of the record, 
under the seal of the Commissioner of Patents, to the party entering the 
same. 



THE LAW OF COPYRIGHT 

IN THE 

XJIS^ITED STATES. 



IN FORCE AUGUST 1, 1885. 



FROM THE REVISED STATUTES OF THE UNITED STATES, IN 

FORCE DECEMBER 1, 1873, AS AMENDED BY ACT 

APPROVED JUNE 18, 1874. 



Section 4948. All records and other things relating to copyrights and 
required by law to be preserved, shall be under the control of the Libra- 
rian of Congress, and kept and preserved in the Library of Congress ; and 
the Librarian of Congress shall have the immediate care and supervision 
thereof, and, under the supervision of the Joint Committee of Congress 
on the Library, shall perform all acts and duties required by law touch- 
ing copyrights. 

Sec. 4949. The seal provided for the office of the Librarian of Congress 
shall be the seal thereof, and by it all records and papers issued from the 
office, and to be used in evidence shall be authenticated. 

Sec. 4950. The Librarian of Congress shall give a bond, with sureties^ 
to the Treasurer of the United States, in the sum of five thousand dollars, 
with the condition that he will render to the proper officers of the Treats- 
ury a true account of all moneys received by virtue of his office. 

Sec. 4951. The Librarian of Congress shall make an annual report to 
Congress of the number and description of copyright publications ior 
which entries have been made during the year. 

Sec. 4952. Any citizen of the United States, or resident therein, who shall 
be the author, inventor, designer, or proprietor of any book, map, chart, 
dramatic or musical composition, engraving, cut, print, or photograph' 
or negative thereof, or of a painting, drawing, chromo, statue, statuary, 
and of models or designs intended to be perfected as works of the fine 
arts, and the executors, administrators, or assigns^ of any such jjerson^ 



skall. upon complying with the provisions of this chapter, have the sole 
liberty of printing, reprinting, publishing, completing, copying, execut. 
ing, finishing, and vending the same; and, in the CEise of a dramatic com- 
position, of publicly performing or representing it, or causing it to be per- 
formed or represented by others. And authors may reserve the right to 
dramatize or translate their own works. 

Sec. 4953. Copyrights shall be granted for the term of twenty-eight 
years from the time of recording the title thereof, in the manner herein- 
after directed. 

Sec. 4954. The author, inventor, or designer, if he be still living and 
a citizen of the United States or resident therein, or his widow or child- 
ren if he be dead, shall have the same exclusive right continued for the 
further term of fourteen years, upon recording the title of the work or 
description of the article so secured a second time, and complying with 
all other regulations in regard to original copyrights, within six months 
before the expiration of the first term. And such person shall, within 
two months from the date of said renewal, cause a copy of the record 
thereof to be published in one or more newspapers, printed in the United 
States, for the space of four weeks. 

Sec. 4955. Copyrights shall be assignable in law by any instrument of 
writing, and such assignment shall be recorded in the office of the Libra- 
rian of Congress within sixty days after its execution; in default of which 
it shall be void as against any subsequent purchaser or mortgagee for a 
valuable consideration, without notice. 

Sec. 4956. No person shall be entitled to a copyright unless he shall, 
before publication, deliver at the office of the Librarian of Congress, or 
deposit in the mail addressed to the Librarian of Congress, at Washing- 
ton, District of Columbia, a printed copy of the title of the book or other 
article, or a description of the painting, drawing, chromo, statue, stat- 
uary, or a model or design for a work of the fine arts, for which he desires 
a copyright; nor unless he shall also, within ten days from the publica- 
tion thereof, deliver at the office of the Librarian of Congress, or deposit 
in the mail addressed to the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, Dis- 
trict of Columbia, two copies of such copyright book or other article, or, 
in case of a painting, drawing, statue, statuary, model or design for a 
work of the fine arts, a photograph of the same. 

Sec. 4957. The Librarian of Congress shall record the name of such 
copyright book, or other article, forthwith in a book to be kept for that 
purpose, in the words following: " Library of Congress, to wit: Be it re- 
membered that on the day of A. B. , of hath depos- 
ited in this office the title of a book, (map, chart, or otherwise, as the 
case may be, or description of the article, ) the title or description of 
which is in the following words, to wit: (here insert the title or descrip- 



tion,) the right whereof he claims as author, (originator, or proprietor, 
as the case may be,) in conformity with the laws of the United States 
respecting copyrights. C. D., Librarian of Congress." And he shall 
give a copy of the title or description, under the seal of the Librarian of 
Congress, to the proprietor whenever he shall require it. 

Sec. 4958. The Librarian of Congress shall receive from the persons iA) 
whom the services designated are rendered, the following fees: 1. For 
recording the title or description of any copyright book or other article, 
fifty cents. 2. For every copy under seal of such record actually given 
to the person claiming the copyright, or his assigns, fifty cents. 3. For 
recording and certifying any instrument of writing for the assignment of 
a copyright, one dollar. 4. For every copy of an assignment, one dollar. 
All fees so received shall be paid into the treasury of the United States. 

Sec. 4959. The proprietor of every copyright book or other article shall 
deliver at the office of the Librarian of Congress, or deposit in the mail 
addressed to the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, District of Colum- 
bia, within ten days after its publication, two complete print>ed copies 
thereof, of the best edition issued, or descrir)tion or photograph of such 
article as hereinbefore required, and a copy of every subsequent edition 
wherein any substantial changes shall be made. 

Sec. 4960. For every failure on the part of the proprietor of any copy- 
right to deliver, or deposit in the mail, either of the published copies, ox 
description, or photograph, required by Sections 4956 and 4959, the pro- 
prietor of the copyright shall be liable to a penalty of twenty-five dollars, 
to be recovered by the Librarian of Congress, in the name of the United 
States, in an action in the nature of an action of debt, in any district court 
of the United States within the jurisdiction of which the delinquent may 
reside or be found. 

Sec. 4961. The postmaster to whom such copyright book, title, or other 
article is delivered, shall, if requested, give a receipt therefor ; and when 
so delivered he shall mail it to its destination. 

Sec. 4962. No person shall maintain an action for the infringement of 
his copyright ualess he shall give notice thereof by inserting in the sev- 
eral copies of every edition published, on the title-page or the page imme- 
diately following, if it be a book; or if a map, chart, musical composition, 
print, cut, engraving, photograph, painting, drawing, chromo, statue, 
statuary, or model or design intended to be perfected and completed as & 
work of the fine arts, by inscribing upon some visible portion thereof, or 
of the substance on which the same shall be mounted, the following words^ 

viz: ** Entered according to act of Congress, in the year , by A. B., 

in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington;" or, at his 
option, the word '^ Copyright, " together with the year the copyright was 
entered, and the name of the party by whom it was taken out, thus: 



Sec. 4963. Every person who shall insert or impress such notice, or 
words of the same purport, in or upon any book, map, chart, musical 
composition, print, cut, engraving, or photograph, or other article, for 
which he has not obtained a copyright, shall be liable to a penalty of one 
hundred dollars, recoverable one-half for the person who shall sue for 
such penalty, and one-half to the use of the United States. 

Sec. 4964. Every person who, after the recording of the title of any 
]30ok as provided by this chapter, shall, within the term limited, and with- 
out the consent of the proprietor of the copyright first obtained in writing, 
signed in presence of two or more witnesses, print, publish, or import, 
or, knowing the same to be so printed, published, or imported, shall sell 
or expose to sale any copy of such book, shall forfeit every copy thereof 
t@ such proprietor, and shall also forfeit and pay such damages as may be 
recovered in a civil action by such proprietor in any court of competent 
jurisdiction. 

Sec. 4965. If any person, after the recording of the title of any map, 
chart, musical composition, print, cut, engraving, or photograph, or 
chromo, or of the description of any painting, drawing, statue, statuary, or 
model or design intended to be perfected and executed as a work of the fine 
arts as provided by this chapter, shall, within the term limited, and with- 
out the consent of the proprietor of the copyright first obtained in writing, 
signed in presence of two or more witnesses, engrave, etch, work, copy, 
print, publish, or import, either in whole or in part, or by varying the 
main design with intent to evade the law, or, knowing the same to be so 
printed, published, or imported, shall sell or expose to sale any copy of 
such map or other article, as aforesaid, he shall forfeit to the proprietor 
all the plates on which the same shall be copied, and every sheet thereof, 
either copied or printed, and shall further forfeit one dollar for every sheet 
of the same found in his possession, either printing, printed, copied, pub- 
lished, imported, or exposed for sale; and in case of a painting, statue, or 
statuary, he shall forfeit ten dollars for every copy of the same in his 
possession, or by him sold or exposed for sale; one-half thereof to the pro- 
prietor and the other half to the use of the United States. 

Sec. 4966. Any person publicly performing or representing any dramatic 
composition for which a copyright has been obtained, without the consent 
of the proprietor thereof, or his heirs or assigns, shall be liable for dam- 
ages therefor; such damages in all cases to be assessed at such sum, not 
less than one hundred dollars for the first, and fifty dollars for every sub- 
sequent performance, as to the court shall appear to be just. 

Sec. 4967. Every person who shall print or publish any manuscript 
whatever, without the consent of the author or proprietor first obtained, 
(if such author or proprietor is a citizen of the United States, or resi- 
dent therein, ) shall be liable to the author or proprietor for all damages 



THE LAW OF COPYEIGHT 

IX THE 

TJISriTED STATES. 



IN FORCE AUGUST 1, 1885. 



FROM THE REVISED STATUTES OF THE UXITED STATES. IX 

FORCE DECEMBER 1. 1873. AS AMENDED BY ACT 

APPROVED JUXE 18, 1874. 



Section 4948. All records and other things relating to coi)yrights and 
required by law to be preserved, shall be under the control of the Libra- 
rian of Congi'ess, and kept and preserved in the Library of Congress : and 
the Librarian of Congress shall have the immediate care and supervision 
thereof, and, under the supervision of the Joint Committee of Congress 
on the Library, shall perform all acts and duties required by law touch- 
ing copyrights. 

Sec. 4949. The seal provided for the ofl3.ce of the Librarian of Congress 
shall be the seal thereof, and by it all records and papers issued from the 
office, and to be used in evidence shall be authenticated. 

Sec. 4950. The Librarian of Congress shall give a bond, with sureties^ 
to the Treasurer of the L^nited States, in the sum of live thousand dollars,. 
with the condition that he will render to the proper officers of the Treas- 
ury a true account of all moneys received by virtue of his office. 

Sec. 4951. The Librarian of Congress shall make an annual report to- 
Congress of the number and description of copyright publications for 
which entries have been made during the year. 

Sec. 495*2. Any citizen of the United States, or resident therein, who shall 
be the author, inventor, designer, or proprietor of any book, map, chart^ 
dramatic or musical composition, engraving, cut, print, or photogi^aph 
or negative thereof, or of a painting, drawing, chromo, statue, statuary, 
and of models or designs intended to be perfected as works of the fine 

arts, and the executors. «riTnir>i^ti-ntr>r<i or nci^icrr><g nf i:>T->v ^^^r^^ i^oi-^r^^i 



skall, upon coinjjlying with the provisions of this chapter, have the sole 
liberty of printing, reprinting, publishing, completing, copying, execut. 
iiig, finishing, and vending the same; and, in the case of a dramatic com- 
position, of publicly performing or representing it, or causing it to be per- 
formed or represented by others. And authors may reserve the right to 
dramatize or translate their own works. 

Sec. 4953. Copyrights shall be granted for the term of twenty-eight 
years from the time of recording the title thereof, in the manner herein- 
after directed. 

Sec. 4954. The author, inventor, or designer, if he be still living and 
a citizen of the United States or resident therein, or his widow or child- 
ren if he be dead, shall have the same exclusive right continued for the 
further term of fourteen years, upon recording the title of the work or 
description of the article so secured a second time, and complying with 
all other regulations in regard to original copyrights, within six months 
before the expiration of the first term. And such person shall, within 
two months from the date of said renewal, cause a copy of the record 
tJiereof to be published in one or more newspapers, printed in the United 
States, for the space of four weeks. 

Sec. 4955. Copyrights shall be assignable in law by any instrument of 
writing, and such assignment shall be recorded in the office of the Libra- 
rian of Congress within sixty days after its execution; in default of which 
it shall be void as against any subsequent purchaser or mortgagee for a 
valuable consideration, without notice. 

Sec. 4956. No person shall be entitled to a copyright unless he shall, 
before publication, deliver at the office of the Librarian of Congress, or 
deposit in the mail addressed to the Librarian of Congress, at Washing- 
ton, District of Columbia, a printed copy of the title of the book or other 
article, or a description of the painting, drawing, chromo, statue, stat- 
uary, or a model or design for a work of the fine arts, for which he desires 
a copyright; nor unless he shall also, within ten days from the publica- 
tion thereof, deliver at the office of the Librarian of Congress, or deposit 
in the mail addressed to the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, Dis- 
trict of Columbia, two copies of such copyright book or other article, or, 
in case of a painting, drawing, statue, statuary, model or design for a 
work of the fine arts, a photograph of the same. 

Sec. 4957. The Librarian of Congress shall record the name of such 
copyright book, or other article, forthwith in a book to be kept for that 
purpose, in the words following: " Library of Congress, to wit: Be it re- 
membered that on the day of A. B. , of hath depos- 
ited in this office the title of a book, (map, chart, or otherwise, as the 
case may be, or description of the article,) the title or description of 
which is in the following words, to wit: (here insert the title or descrip- 



tiorij) the right whereof he claims as author, (originator, or proprietor, 
as the case may be,) in conformity with the laws of the United States 
respecting copyrights. C. D., Librarian of Congress." And he shall 
give a copy of the title or description, under the seal of the Librarian of 
Congress, to the proprietor whenever he shall require it. 

Sec. 4958. The Librarian of Congress shall receive from the persons to- 
whom the services designated are rendered, the following fees: 1. For 
recording the title or description of any copyright book or other article, 
fifty cents. 2. For every copy under seal of such record actually given 
to the person claiming the copyright, or his assigns, fifty cents. 3. For 
recording and certifying any instrument of writing for the assignment of 
a copyright, one dollar. 4. For every copy of an assignment, one dollar. 
All fees so received shall be paid into the treasury of the United States. 

Sec. 4959. The proprietor of every copyright book or other article shall 
deliver at the office of the Librarian of Congress, or deposit in the mail 
addressed to the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, District of Colum- 
bia, within ten days after its publication, two complete printed copies 
thereof, of the best edition issued, or description or photograph of such 
article as hereinbefore required, and a copy of every subsequent edition 
wherein any substantial changes shall be made. 

Sec. 4960. For every failure on the part of the proprietor of any copy- 
right to deliver, or deposit in the mail, either of the published copies, or 
description, or photograph, required by Sections 4956 and 4959, the pro- 
prietor of the copyright shall be liable to a penalty of twenty-five dollars, 
to be recovered by the Librarian of Congress, in the name of the United 
States, in an action in the nature of an action of debt, in any district court 
of the United States within the jurisdiction of which the delinquent may 
reside or be found. 

Sec. 4961. The postmaster to whom such copyright book, title, or other 
article is delivered, shall, if requested, give a receipt therefor : and when 
so delivered he shall mail it to its destination. 

Sec. 4962. No person shall maintain an action for the infringement of 
his copyright UQless he shall give notice thereof by inserting in the sev- 
eral copies of every edition published, on the title-page or the page imme- 
diately following, if it be a book: or if a map, chart, musical composition, 
print, cut, engraving, photograph, painting, drawing, chromo, statue, 
statuary, or model or design intended to be perfected and completed as a 
work of the fine arts, by inscribing upon some visible portion thereof, or 
of the substance on which the same shall be mounted, the following words, 

viz: ^'Entered according to act of Congress, in the year , by A. B., 

in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington; " or, at his 
option, the word ''Copyright,'' together with the year the copyright wa^ 
entered, and the name of the party by whom it was taken out, thus: 



Sec. 4963. Every person who shall insert or impress such notice, or 
words of the same purport, in or upon any book, map, chart, musical 
composition, print, cut, engraving, or photograph, or other article, for 
which he has not obtained a copyright, shall be liable to a penalty of one 
hundred dollars, recoverable one-half for the person who shall sue for 
such penalty, and one-half to the use of the United States. 

Sec. 4964. Every person who, after the recording of the title of any 
book as provided by this chapter, shall, within the term limited, and with- 
out the consent of the proprietor of the copyright first obtained in writing, 
signed in presence of two or more witnesses, print, publish, or import, 
or, knowing the same to be so printed, published, or imported, shall sell 
or expose to sale any copy of such book, shall forfeit every copy thereof 
t@ such proprietor, and shall also forfeit and pay such damages as may be 
recovered in a civil action by such proprietor in any court of competent 
jurisdiction. 

Sec. 4965. If any person, after the recording of the title of any map, 
chart, musical composition, print, cut, engraving, or photograph, or 
chromo, or of the description of any painting, drawing, statue, statuary, or 
model or design intended to be perfected and executed as a work of the fine 
arts as provided by this chapter, shall, within the term limited, and with- 
out the consent of the proprietor of the copyright first obtained in writing, 
signed in presence of two or more witnesses, engrave, etch, work, copy, 
print, publish, or import, either in whole or in part, or by varying the 
main design with intent to evade the law, or, knowing the same to be so 
printed, published, or imported, shall sell or expose to sale any copy of 
such map or other article, as aforesaid, he shall forfeit to the proprietor 
all the plates on which the same shall be copied, and every sheet thereof, 
either copied or printed, and shall further forfeit one dollar for every sheet 
of the same found in his possession, either printing,' printed, copied, pub- 
lished, imported, or exposed for sale; and in case of a painting, statue, or 
statuary, he shall forfeit ten dollars for every copy of the same in his 
possession, or by him sold or exposed for sale; one-half thereof to the pro- 
prietor and the other half to the use of the United States. 

Sec. 4966. Any person publicly performing or representing any dramatic 
composition for which a copyright has been obtained, without the consent 
of the proprietor thereof, or his heirs or assigns, shall be liable for dam- 
ages therefor; such damages in all cases to be assessed at such sum, not 
less than one hundred dollars for the first, and fifty dollars for every sub- 
sequent performance, as to the court shall appear to be just. 

Sec. 4967. Every person who shall print or publish any manuscript 
whatever, without the consent of the author or proprietor first obtained, 
(if such author or proprietor is a citizen of the United States, or resi- 
dent therein, ) shall be liable to the author or proprietor for all damages 



Sec. 4968. No action shall be maintained in any case of forfeiture or 
penalty under the copyright laws, unless the same is commenced within 
two years after the cause of action has arisen. 

Sec. 4969. In all actions arising under the laws respecting copyrights 
the defendant may plead the general issue, and give the special matter in 
evidence. 

Sec. 4970. The circuit courts, and district courts having the jurisdic- 
tion of circuit courts, shall have j)ower, upon bill in equity, filed by any 
party aggrieved, to grant injunctions to prevent the violation of any right 
secured by the laws respecting copyrights, according to the course and 
principles of courts of equity, on such terms as the court may deem reason- 
able. 

Sec. 4971. Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to prohibit the 
printing, publishing, importation, or sale of any book, map, chart, dra- 
matic or musical composition, print, cut, engraving, or photograph, writ- 
ten, composed, or made by any person not a citizen of the United States 
nor resident therein. 

Sec. — . [Approved June 18, 1874, to take effect August 1, 1874.] 
In the construction of this act the words ''engraving," ''cut," and 
^ ' print, ' ' shall be applied only to pictorial illustrations or works con- 
nected with the fine arts, and no prints or labels designed to be used for 
any other articles of manufacture shall be entered under the copyright 
law, but may be registered in the Patent Office. And the Commissioner of 
Patents is hereby charged with the supervision and control of the entry 
or registry of such prints or labels, in conformity with the regulations * 
provided by law as to copyright of prints, except that there shall be paid 
for recording the title of any print or label, not a trade-mark, six 
dollars, which shall cover the expense of famishing a copy of the record, 
under the seal of the Commissioner of Patents, to the party entering the 
same. 



Sec. 4968. No action shall be maintained in any case of forfeiture or 
penalty under the copyright laws, unless the same is commenced within 
two years after the cause of action has arisen. 

Sec. 4969. In all actions arising under the laws respecting copyrights 
the defendant may plead the general issue, and give the special matter in 
evidence. 

Sec. 4970. The circuit courts, and district courts having the jurisdic- 
tion of circuit courts^ shall have jDOwer, u^Don bill in equity, filed by any 
party aggrieved, to grant injunctions to prevent the violation of any right 
secured by the laws respecting copyrights, according to the course and 
principles of courts of equity, on such terms as the court may deem reason- 
able. 

Sec. 4971. Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to prohibit the 
printing, publishing, importation, or sale of any book, map, chart, dra- 
matic or musical composition, print, cut, engraving, or photograph, writ- 
ten, composed, or made by any person not a citizen of the United States 
nor resident therein. 

Sec. — . [Approved June 18, 1874, to take effect August 1, 1874.] 
In the construction of this act the words "engraving," ^'cut," and 
"print," shall be applied only to pictorial illustrations or works con- 
nected with the fine arts, and no prints or labels designed to be used for 
any other articles of manufacture shall be entered under the copyright 
law, but may be registered in the Patent Office. And the Commissioner of 
Patents is hereby charged with the supervision and control of the entry 
or registry of such prints or labels, in conformity with the regulations 
provided by law as to copyright of prints, except that there shall be paid 
for recording the title of any print or label, not a trade-mark, six 
dollars, which shall cover the expense of furnishing a copy of the record, 
under the seal of the Commissioner of Patents, to the party entering the 
same. 



THE LAW OF COPYEIGHT 

IN THE 



IN FORCE AUGUST 1, 1885. 



FROM THE REVISED STATUTES OF THE UNITED STATES, IN 

FORCE DECEMBER 1, 1873, AS AMENDED BY ACT 

APPROVED JUNE 18, 1874. 



Section 4948. All records and other things relating to copyrights and 
required by law to be preserved, shall be under the control of the Libra- 
rian of Congress, and kept and preserved in the Library of Congress; and 
the Librarian of Congress shall have the immediate care and supervision 
thereof, and, under the supervision of the Joint Committee of Congress 
on the Library, shall perform all acts and duties required by law touch- 
ing copyrights. 

Sec. 4949. The seal provided for the office of the Librarian of Congress 
shall be the seal thereof, and by it all records and papers issued from the 
office, and to be used in evidence shall be authenticated. 

Sec. 4950. The Librarian of Congress shall give a bond, with sureties,, 
to the Treasurer of the United States, in the sum of five thousand dollars, 
with the condition that he will render to the proper officers of the Treas-^ 
ury a true account of all moneys received by virtue of his office. 

Sec. 4951. The Librarian of Congress shall make an annual report tO' 
Congress of the number and description of copyright publications for 
which entries have been made during the year. 

Sec. 4952. Any citizen of the United States, or resident therein, who shall 
be the author, inventor, designer, or proprietor of any book, map, chart^, 
dramatic or musical composition, engraving, cut, print, or photograph 
or negative thereof, or of a painting, drawing, chromo, statue, statuary, 
and of models or designs intended to be perfected as works of the fine 
arts, and the executors, administrators, or assigns of any such person. 



skall, upon complying with the provisions of this chapter, have the sole 
liberty of printing, reprinting, publishing, completing, copying, execute 
ing, finishing, and vending the same; and, in the case of a dramatic com- 
position, of publicly performing or representing it, or causing it to be per- 
formed or represented by others. And authors may reserve the right to 
dramatize or translate their own works. 

Sec. 4953. Copyrights shall be granted for the term of twenty-eight 
years from the time of recording the title thereof, in the manner herein- 
after directed. 

Sec. 4954. The author, inventor, or designer, if he be still living and 
a citizen of the United States or resident therein, or his widow or child- 
ren if he be dead, shall have the same exclusive right continued for the 
further term of fourteen years, upon recording the title of the work or 
description of the article so secured a second time, and complying with 
all other regulations in regard to original copyrights, within six months 
before the expiration of the first term. And such person shall, within 
two months from the date of said renewal, cause a copy of the record 
thereof to be published in one or more newspapers, printed in the United 
States, for the space of four weeks. 

Sec. 4955. Copyrights shall be assignable in law by any instrument of 
writing, and such assignment shall be recorded in the office of the Libra- 
rian of Congress within sixty days after its execution; in default of which 
it shall be void as against any subsequent purchaser or mortgagee for a 
valuable consideration, without notice. 

Sec. 4956. No person shall be entitled to a copyright unless he shall, 
before publication, deliver at the office of the Librarian of Congress, or 
deposit in the mail addressed to the Librarian of Congress, at Washing- 
ton, District of Columbia, a printed copy of the title of the book or other 
article, or a description of the painting, drawing, chromo, statue, stat- 
uary, or a model or design for a work of the fine arts, for which he desires 
a copyright; nor unless he shall also, within ten days from the publica- 
tion thereof, deliver at the office of the Librarian of Congress, or deposit 
in the mail addressed to the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, Dis- 
trict of Columbia, two copies of such copyright book or other article, or, 
in case of a painting, drawing, statue, statuary, model or design for a 
work of the fine arts, a photograph of the same. 

Sec. 4957. The Librarian of Congress shall record the name of such 
copyright book, or other article, forthwith in a book to be kept for that 
purpose, in the words following: " Library of Congress, to wit: Be it re- 
membered that on the day of A. B. , of hath depos- 
ited in this office the title of a book, (map, chart, or otherwise, as the 
case may be, or description of the article,) the title or description of 
which is in the following words, to wit: (here insert the title or descrip- 



tion,) the right whereof he claims as author, (originator, or proprietor, 
as the case may be,) in conformity with the laws of the United States 
respecting copyrights. C. D., Librarian of Congress." And he shall 
give a copy of the title or description, under the seal of the Librarian of 
Congress, to the proprietor whenever he shall require it. 

Sec. 4958. The Librarian of Congress shall receive from the persons to 
whom the services designated are rendered, the following fees: 1. For 
recording the title or description of any copyright book or other article, 
fifty cents. 2. For every copy under seal of such record actually give© 
to the person claiming the copyright, or his assigns, fifty cents. 3. For 
recording and certifying any instrument of writing for the assignment of 
a copyright, one dollar. 4. For every copy of an assignment, . one dollar. 
All fees so received shall be paid into the treasury of the United States. 

Sec. 4959. The proprietor of every copyright book or other article shall 
deliver at the office of the Librarian of Congress, or deposit in the mail 
addressed to the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, District of Colum- 
bia^ within ten days after its publication, two complete printed copies 
thereof, of the best edition issued, or descrii)tion or photograph of such 
article as hereinbefore required, and a copy of every subsequent edition 
wherein any substantial changes shall be made. 

Sec. 4960. For every failure on the part of the proprietor of any copy- 
right to deliver, or deposit in the mail, either of the published copies, or 
description, or photograph, required by Sections 4956 and 4959, the pro- 
prietor of the copyright shall be liable to a penalty of twenty-five dollars, 
to be recovered by the Librarian of Congress, in the name of the United 
States, in an action in the nature of an action of debt, in any district court 
of the United States within the jurisdiction of which the delinquent may 
reside or be found. 

Sec. 4961. The postmaster to whom such copyright book, title, or other 
article is delivered, shall, if requested, give a receipt therefor ; and when 
so delivered he shall mail it to its destination. 

Sec. 4962. No person shall maintain an action for the infringement of 
his copyright unless he shall give notice thereof by inserting in the sev- 
eral copies of every edition published, on the title-page or the page imme- 
diately following, if it be a book; or if a map, chart, musical composition^ 
print, cut, engraving, photograph, painting, drawing, chromo, statue, 
statuary, or model or design intended to 1>8 perfected and completed as a 
work of the fine arts, by inscribing upon some visible portion thereof, or 
of the substance on which the same shall be mounted, the following words, 

viz: "Entered according to act of Congress, in the year , by A. B., 

in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington;'' or, at his 
option, the word "Copyright," together with the year the copyright was 
entered, and the name of the party by whom it was taken out, thus: 



Sec. 4963. Every person who shall insert or impress such notice, or 
words of the same purport, in or upon any book, map, chart, musical 
composition, print, cut, engraving, or photograph, or other article, for 
which he has not obtained a copyright, shall be liable to a penalty of one 
hundred dollars, recoverable one-half for the person who shall sue for 
such penalty, and one-half to the use of the United States. 

Sec. 4964. Every person who, after the recording of the title of any 
book as provided by this chapter, shall, within the term limited, and with- 
out the consent of the proprietor of the copyright first obtained in writing, 
signed in presence of two or more witnesses, print, publish, or import, 
or, knowing the same to be so printed, published, or imported, shall sell 
or expose to sale any copy of such book, shall forfeit every copy thereof 
to such proprietor, and shall also forfeit and pay such damages as may be 
recovered in a civil action by such proprietor in any court of competent 
jurisdiction. 

Sec. 4965. If any person, after the recording of the title of any map, 
chart, musical composition, print, cut, engraving, or photograph, or 
ciiromo, or of the description of any painting, drawing, statue, statuary, or 
model or design intended to be perfected and executed as a work of the fine 
a^rts as provided by this chapter, shall, within the term limited, and with- 
out the consent of the proprietor of the copyright first obtained in writing, 
signed in presence of two or more witnesses, engrave, etch, work, copy, 
print. ]3ublish, or import, either in whole or in part, or by varying the 
main design with intent to evade the law, or, knowing the same to be so 
printed, published, or imported, shall sell or expose to sale any copy of 
such map or other article, as aforesaid, he shall forfeit to the proprietor 
all the plates on which the same shall be copied, and every sheet thereof, 
either copied or printed, and shall further forfeit one dollar for every sheet 
of the same found in his possession, either printing, printed, copied, pub- 
lished, imported, or exposed for sale; and in case of a painting, statue, or 
statuary, he shall forfeit ten dollars for every copy of the same in his 
possession, or by him sold or exposed for sale; one-half thereof to the pro- 
prietor and the other half to the use of the United States. 

Sec. 4966. Any person publicly performing or representing any dramatic 
composition for which a copyright has been obtained, without the consent 
of the proprietor thereof, or his heirs or assigns, shall be liable for dam- 
ages therefor; such damages in all cases to be assessed at such sum, not 
less than one hundred dollars for the first, and fifty dollars for every sub- 
sequent performance, as to the court shall appear to be just. 

Sec. 4967. Every person who shall print or publish any manuscript 
whatever, without the consent of the author or proprietor first obtained, 
(if such author or proprietor is a citizen of the United States, or resi- 
dent therein, ) shall be liable to the author or proprietor for all damages 



THE LAW or COPYRIGHT 

IN THE 

XJISriTED STATES. 



IN FORCE AUGUST 1, 1885. 



FBOM THE REVISED STATUTES OF THE UNITED STATES, IN 

FORCE DECEMBER 1, 1873, AS AMENDED BY ACT 

APPROVED JUNE 18, 1874. 



Section 4948. All records and other things relating to copyrights and 
required by law to be preserved, shall be nnder the control of the Libra- 
rian of Congress, and kept and preserved in the Library of Congress; and 
the Librarian of Congress shall have the immediate care and supervision 
thereof, and, under the supervision of the Joint Committee of Congress 
on the Library, shall perform all acts and duties required by law touch- 
ing copyrights. 

Sec. 4949. The seal provided for the oflSceof the Librarian of Congress- 
shall be the seal thereof, and by it all records and papers issued from the 
office, and to be used in evidence shall be authenticated. 

Sec. 4950. The Librarian of Congress shall give a bond, with sureties,, 
to the Treasurer of the United States, in the sum of five thousand dollars, 
with the condition that he will render to the proper officers of the Treas- 
ury a true account of all moneys received by virtue of his office. 

Sec. 4951. The Librarian of Congress shall make an annual report to- 
Congress of the number and description of copyright publications for 
which entries have been made during the year. 

Sec. 4952. Any citizen of the United States, or resident therein, who shall 
be the author, inventor, designer, or proprietor of any book, map, chart, 
dramatic or musical composition, engraving, cut, print, or photograph 
or negative thereof, or of a painting, drawing, chromo, statue, statuary,, 
and of models or designs intended to be perfected as works of the fine 
arts, and the executors, administrators, or assigns of any such rtprsoTK 



shall, upon complying with the provisions of this chapter, have the sole 
liberty of printing, reprinting, publishing, completing, copying, execut. 
ing, finishing, and vending the same; and, in the case of a dramatic com- 
position, of publicly performing or representing it, or causing it to be per- 
formed or represented by others. And authors may reserve the right to 
dramatize or translate their own works. 

Sec. 4953. Copyrights shall be granted for the term of twenty-eight 
years from the time of recording the title thereof, in the manner herein- 
after directed. 

Sec. 4954. The author, inventor, or designer, if he be still living and 
a citizen of the United States or resident therein, or his widow or child- 
ren if he be dead, shall have the same exclusive right continued for the 
further term of fourteen years, upon recording the title of the work or 
description of the article so secured a second time, and complying with 
all other regulations in regard to original copyrights, within six months 
before the expiration of the first term. And such person shall, within 
two months from the date of said renewal, cause a copy of the record 
thereof to be published in one or more newspapers, printed in the United 
States, for the space of four weeks. 

Sec. 4955. Copyrights shall be assignable in law by any instrument of 
writing, and such assignment shall be recorded in the office of the Libra- 
rian of Congress within sixty days after its execution; in default of which 
it shall be void as against any subsequent purchaser or mortgagee for a 
valuable consideration, without notice. 

Sec. 4956. No person shall be entitled to a copyright unless he shall, 
before publication, deliver at the office of the Librarian of Congress, or 
deposit in the mail addressed to the Librarian of Congress, at Washing- 
ton, District of Columbia, a printed copy of the title of the book or other 
article, or a description of the painting, dravdrig, chromo, statue, stat- 
uary, or a model or design for a work of the fine arts, for which he desires 
a copyright; nor unless he shall also, within ten days from the publica- 
tion thereof, deliver at the office of the Librarian of Congress, or deposit 
in the mail addressed to the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, Dis- 
trict of Columbia, two copies of such copyright book or other article, or, 
in case of a painting, drawing, statue, statuary, model or design for a 
work of the fine arts, a photograph of the same. 

Sec. 4957. The Librarian of Congress shall record the name of such 
copyright book, or other article, forthwith in a book to be kept for that 
purpose, in the words following: " Library of Congress, to wit: Be it re- 
membered that on the day of A. B. , of hath depos- 
ited in this office the title of a book, (map, chart, or otherwise, as the 
case may be, or description of the article,) the title or description of 
which is in the following words, to wit: (here insert the title or descrip- 



tion,) the right whereof he claims as author, (originator, or proprietor^ 
as the case may be,) in conformity with the laws of the United States 
respecting copyrights. C. D., Librarian of Congress." And he shall 
give a copy of the title or description, under the seal of the Librarian of 
Congress, to the proprietor whenever he shall require it. 

Sec. 4958. The Librarian of Congress shall receive from the persons to 
whom the services designated are rendered, the following fees: 1. For 
recording the title or description of any copyright book or other article, 
fifty cents. 2. For every copy under seal of such record actually given 
to the person claiming the copyright, or his assigns, fifty cents. 3. For 
recording and certifying any instrument of writing for the assignment of 
a copyright, one dollar. 4. For every copy of an assignment, one dollar. 
All fees so received shall be paid into the treasury of the United States. 

Sec. 4959. The proprietor of every copyright book or other article shall 
deliver at the office of the Librarian of Congress, or deposit in the mail 
addressed to the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, District of Coluna- 
bia, within ten days after its publication, two complete printed copies 
thereof, of the best edition issued, or descrii>tion or photograph of such 
article as hereinbefore required, and a copy of every subsequent edition 
wherein any substantial changes shall be made. 

Sec. 4960. For every failure on the part of the proprietor of any copy- 
right to deliver, or deposit in the mail, either of the published copies, or 
description, or photograph, required by Sections 4956 and 4959, the pro- 
prietor of the copyright shall be liable to a penalty of twenty-five dollars, 
to be recovered by the Librarian of Congress, in the name of the United 
States, in an action in the nature of an action of debt, in any district court 
of the United States within the jurisdiction of which the delinquent may 
reside or be found. 

Sec. 4961. The postmaster to whom such copyright book, title, or other 
article is delivered, shall, if requested, give a receipt therefor ; and when 
so delivered he shall mail it to its destination. 

Sec. 4962. No person shall maintain an action for the infringement of 
his copyright unless he shall give notice thereof by inserting in the sev- 
eral copies of every edition published, on the title-page or the page imme- 
diately following, if it be a book; or if a map, chart, musical composition, 
print, cut, engraving, photograph, painting, drawing, chromo, statue, 
statuary, or model or design intended to be perfected and completed as a 
work of the fine arts, by inscribing upon some visible portion thereof, or 
of the substance on which the same shall be mounted, the following words, 

viz: "Entered according to act of Congress, in the year , by A. B., 

in the oflS.ce of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington;" or, at his 
option, the word "Copyright," together with the year the copyright was 
entered, and the name of the party by whom it was taken out, thus: 



Sec. 4963. Every person who shall insert or impress such notice, or 
words of the same purport, in or upon any book, map, chart, musical 
composition, print, cut, engraving, or photograph, or other article, for 
which he has not obtained a copyright, shall be liable to a penalty of one 
hundred dollars, recoverable one-half for the person who shall sue for 
such penalty, and one-half to the use of the United States. 

Sec. 4964. Every person who, after the recording of the title of any 
book as provided by this chapter, shall, within the term limited, and with- 
out the consent of the proprietor of the copyright first obtained in writing, 
signed in presence of two or more witnesses, print, publish, or import, 
or, knowing the same to be so printed, published, or imported, shall sell 
or expose to sale any copy of such book, shall forfeit every copy thereof 
t@ such proprietor, and shall also forfeit and pay such damages as may be 
recovered in a civil action by such proprietor in any court of competent 
jurisdiction. 

Sec. 4965. If any person, after the recording of the title of any map, 
chart, musical composition, print, cut, engraving, or photograph, or 
chromo, or of the description of any painting, drawing, statue, statuary, or 
model or design intended to be perfected and executed as a work of the fine 
arts as provided by this chapter, shall, within the term limited, and with- 
out the consent of the proprietor of the copyright first obtained in writing, 
signed in presence of two or more witnesses, engrave, etch, work, copy, 
print, publish, or import, either in whole or in part, or by varying the 
main design with intent to evade the law, or, knowing the same to be so 
printed, published, or imported, shall sell or expose to sale any copy of 
such map or other article, as aforesaid, he shall forfeit to the proprietor 
all the plates on which the same shall be copied, and every sheet thereof, 
either copied or printed, and shall further forfeit one dollar for every sheet 
of the same found in his possession, either printing, printed, copied, pub- 
lished, imported, or exposed for sale; and in case of a painting, statue, or 
statuary, he shall forfeit ten dollars for every copy of the same in his 
possession, or by him sold or exposed for sale; one-half thereof to the pro- 
prietor and the other half to the use of the United States. 

Sec. 4966. Any person publicly performing or representing any dramatic 
composition for which a copyright has been obtained, without the consent 
of the proprietor thereof, or his heirs or assigns, shall be liable for dam- 
ages therefor; such damages in all cases to be assessed at such sum, not 
less than one hundred dollars for the first, and fifty dollars for every sub- 
sequent performance, as to the court shall appear to be just. 

Sec. 4967. Every person who shall print or publish any manuscript 
whatever, without the consent of the author or proprietor first obtained, 
(if such author or proprietor is a citizen of the United States, or resi- 
dent therein, ) shall be liable to the author or proprietor for all damages 



Sec. 4968. No action shall be maintained in any case of forfeiture or 
j)enalty under the copyright laws, unless the same is commenced within 
two years after the cause of action has arisen. 

Sec. 4969. In all actions arising under the laws respecting copyrights 
the defendant may plead the general issue, and give the special matter in 
evidence. 

Sec. 4970. The circuit courts, and district courts having the jurisdic- 
tion of circuit courts^ shall have power, upon bill in equity, filed by any 
party aggrieved, to grant injunctions to prevent the violation of any right 
secured by the laws respecting copyrights, according to the course and 
principles of courts of equity, on such terms as the court may deem reason- 
able. 

Sec. 4971. Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to prohibit the 
printing, publishing, importation, or sale of any book, map, chart, dra- 
matic or musical composition, print, cut, engraving, or photograph, writ- 
ten, composed, or made by any person not a citizen of the United States 
nor resident therein. 

Sec. — . [Approved June 18, 1874, to take effect August 1, 1874.] 
In the construction of this act the words "engraving," ''cut," and 
' ' print, ' ' shall be applied only to pictorial illustrations or works con- 
nected with the fine arts, and no prints or labels designed to be used for 
any other articles of manufacture shall be entered under the copyright 
law, but may be registered in the Patent Ofiice. And the Commissioner of 
Patents is hereby charged with the supervision and control of the entry 
or registry of such prints or labels, in conformity with the regulations 
provided by law as to copyright of prints, except that there shall be paid 
for recording the title of any print or label, not a trade-mark, six 
dollars, which shall cover the expense of furnishing a copy of the record, 
under the seal of the Commissioner of Patents, to the party entering the 
same. 



Sec. 4968. No action shall be maintained in any case of forfeiture or 
penalty under the copyright laws, unless the same is commenced within 
two years after the cause of action has arisen. 

Sec. 4969. In all actions arising under the laws respecting copyrights 
the defendant may plead the general issue, and give the special matter in 
evidence. 

Sec. 4970. The circuit courts, and district courts having the jurisdic- 
tion of circuit courts^ shall have power, upon bill in equity, filed by any 
party aggrieved, to grant injunctions to prevent the violation of any right 
secured . by the laws respecting copyrights, according to the course and 
principles of courts of equity, on such terms as the court may deem reason- 
able. 

Sec. 4971. Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to prohibit the 
printing, publishing, importation, or sale of any book, map, chart, dra- 
miatic or musical composition, print, cut, engraving, or photograph, writ- 
ten, composed, or made by any person not a citizen of the United States 
nor resident therein. 

Sec. — . [Approved June 18, 1874, to take effect August 1, 1874.] 
In the construction of this act the words ''engraving," "cut," and 
' ' print, ' ' shall be applied only to pictorial illustrations or works con- 
nected with the fine arts, and no prints or labels designed to be used for 
any other articles of manufacture shall be entered under the copyright 
law, but may be registered in the Patent Office. And the Commissioner of 
Patents is hereby charged with the supervision and control of the entry 
or registry of such prints or labels, in conformity with the regulations 
provided by law as to copyright of prints, except that there shall be paid 
for recording the title of any print or label, not a trade-mark, six 
dollars, which shall cover the expense of famishing a co^j of the record, 
under the seal of the Commissioner of Patents, to the party entering the 
same. 



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